SKELETAL SYSTEM

Question 1

contains collegen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals.

Answer 1

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Question 2

(↑) collagen, (+) proteoglycans but less than that of the cartilage, (↑) hydroxyapatite (calcium phosphate crystals)

Answer 2

Bones

Question 3

(↑) collagen, (↑) proteoglycans; tough & resilient.

Answer 3

Cartilage

Question 4

(↑) collagen fibers; tough.

Answer 4

Tendons & Ligaments

Question 5

2 TYPES OF PROTEIN

Answer 5

COLLAGEN & PROTEOGLYCANS

Question 6

(35% organic and 65% inorganic material)

• Collagen - flexible strength
• Minerals - weight bearing strength

Answer 6

BONE MATRIX

Question 7

PLAYS AS A ROLE IN REPAIR AND REMODELING OF THE BONE

Answer 7

OSTEOBLASTS

Question 8

• MAINTAIN BONE MATRIX; BECOME SURROUNDED BY MATRIX
  -RELATIVELY INACTIVE

Answer 8

OSTEOCYTES

Question 9

-BONE DESTROYING CLLES
-CONTRIBUTE TO BONE REPAIR AND REMODELING BY REMOVING EXISTING BONE, CALLED RESORPTION

Answer 9

OSTEOCLASTS

Question 10

FOR MOVEMENT OF APPENDAGES

Answer 10

LONG BONE

Question 11

-HELP TRANSFER FORCE BETWEEN LONG BONE
-BONES OF WRIST AND ANKLE

Answer 11

SHORT BONES

Question 12

-WELL-SUITED TO PROVIDING A STRONGER BARRIER AROUND SOFT TISSUES
-SKULL BONES, RIBS, SCAPULA, STERNUM

Answer 12

FLAT BONES

Question 13

TEND TO HAVE SPECIALIZED FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS PROVIDING PROTECTION WHILE ALLOWING BENDING AND FLEXING OF CERTAIN BODY REGIONS

Answer 13

IRREGULAR BONES

Question 14

CENTRAL SHAFT OF THE BONE

Answer 14

DIAPHYSIS

Question 15

END OF THE BONE; SEPERATED FROM THE REAMINDER OF THE BONE BY THE EPIPHYSEAL PLATE/LINE

Answer 15

EPIPHYSIS

Question 16

COVERS THE ENDS OF THE EPIPHYSIS WHERE THE BONE ARTICULATES WITH OTHER BONES

Answer 16

ARTICULAR CARTILAGE

Question 17

COVERS THE OUTER SURFACE OF BONE EXCEPT WHERE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE IS PRESENT.

Answer 17

PERIOSTEUM

Question 18

LINES THE INNER CAVITIES OF THE BONE

Answer 18

ENDOSTEUM

Question 19

-COMPOSED OF CARTILAGE, BETWEEN EACH EPIPHYSIS AND THE DIAPHYSIS
-WHERE THE BONE GROWS IN LENGTH
-REPLACED BY BONE AND BECOMES AN EPIPHYSEAL LINE

Answer 19

EPIPHYSEAL PLATE

Question 20

Soft tissue that fills the spaces of diaphysis and epiphysis

Answer 20

Bone marrow

Question 21

consists mostly of adipose tissue

Answer 21

Yellow marrow

Question 22

consists of blood-forming cells and is the only site of blood formation in adults

Answer 22

Red marrow

Question 23

• (has spaces between trabeculae;therefore resembles a sponge)
• Appears porous, has less bone matrix and more space than compact bone
• Consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called trabeculae
• Between trabeculae are spaces filled with bone marrow and blood vessels

Answer 23

SPONGY BONE

Question 24

-(more solid; with almost no space)
-Has more bone matrix and less space than spongy bone

Answer 24

COMPACT BONE

Question 25

Contain an interior framework of spongy bone sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.

Answer 25

FLAT BONES

Question 26

Have similar composition to the epiphysis of long bones (compact bone surfaces surrounding a spongy center with small spaces that are usually filled with marrow)

Answer 26

SHORT AND IRREGULAR BONES

Question 27

Formation of bone by osteoblasts (after osteoblast is fully surrounded by bone matrix, it becomes osteocyte)

Answer 27

BONE OSSIFICATION

Question 28

Formation of bone by osteoblasts (after osteoblast is fully surrounded by bone matrix, it becomes osteocyte)

Answer 28

BONE OSSIFICATION

Question 29

-(formation within the connective tissue membrane) - Primarily in the bones of the skull - Osteoblasts; osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae (ossification centers)

Answer 29

Intramembranous ossification  

Question 30

-(formation inside hyaline cartilage) - Most of the remaining skeletal system - Chondrocytes; chondrocytes increase in number. Cartilage model to increase in size. Cartilage matrix to become calcified. Osteoblasts start forming bone.

Answer 30

Endochondral ossification

Question 31

Osteoblasts deposit a new bone matrix on the surface of bones; bone increases in width, or diameter.

Answer 31

Appositional growth

Question 32

- Through endochondral ossification - Chondrocytes increase in number on the epiphyseal plate. Bone will elongate; chondrocytes enlarge and die; cartilage matrix becomes calcified; osteoblasts start forming bone

Answer 32

Interstitial growth

Question 33

- The removal of existing bone by osteoclasts and the deposition of new bone by osteoblasts. - Responsible for changes in bone shape, the adjustment of bone to stress, bone repair, and calcium ion regulation in the body fluids - Important to maintain blood calcium levels within normal limits

Answer 33

BONE REMODELING

Question 34

Blood released from damaged blood vessels forms a hematoma

Answer 34

1. **Hematoma formation**

Question 35

The internal callus forms between the ends of the bones, and the external callus forms a collar around the break.

Answer 35

Callus formation

Question 36

Woven, spongy bone replaces the internal and external calluses

Answer 36

Callus ossification

Question 37

-Affects the quality and quantity of bone matrix =Bone matrix in an older bone is more brittle than a younger bone because decreased collagen production results in relatively more mineral and fewer collagen fibers -Rate of matrix formation by osteoblasts becomes slower than the rate of matrix breakdown by osteoclasts

Answer 37

EFFECTS OF AGING ON THE SKELETAL SYSTEM