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Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Main basic components of cartilage

A

•Chondrocytes
•enclosed in Lacunae
•extracellular matrix

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2
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Stretchy, repeated bending
External ear and epiglottis

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3
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Compressible, tensile strength
Menisci of the knee, discs between vertebrae

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4
Q

Two ways cartilage grows

A

Appositional growth, interstitial growth

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5
Q

Appositional growth

A

Cartilage-forming cells in perichondrium secrete new matrix

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6
Q

Interstitial growth

A

Lacunae-bound chondrocytes divide and secrete, expanding from within

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7
Q

7 functions of bone

A

•support
•protection
•anchorage
•mineral storage
•blood cell formation
•triglyceride (fat) storage
•hormone production

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8
Q

4 types of bones + 1 subtype

A

•long
•short bones
•flat bones
•irregular

+sesamoid

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9
Q

Long bone

A

-all limb bones except patella, wrist, and ankle

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10
Q

Short bones

A

-wrist and ankles

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11
Q

Sesamoid bones

A

-special type of short bone that form on a tendon

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12
Q

Flat bones

A

-sternum, scapula, ribs, most cranial

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13
Q

Irregular bones

A

-vertebra, hip bones

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14
Q

Compact bone

A

The external layer of bone

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15
Q

Spongy bone

A

Internal layer with trabeculae

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16
Q

Trabeculae

A

Honeycomb of small needle-like or flat pieces within the spongy bone

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17
Q

Diaphysis

A

The shaft of the long bone

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18
Q

Medullary cavity

A

The marrow cavity that holds yellow bone marrow in the center of the shaft

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19
Q

Epiphyses

A

The ends of the long bone. Spongy bone surrounded by compact bone

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20
Q

Epiphyseal line

A

A remnant of the epiphyseal plate (aka growth plate)

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21
Q

Periosteum membrane

A

Covers the surface of the entire bone except the joint surfaces

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22
Q

Endosteum

A

Membrane that covers the internal bone surfaces

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23
Q

Nutrient vein/artery

A

Vein/artery that supply the bone with blood and nutrients

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24
Q

Nutrient foramen

A

A hole in the diaphysis where the nutrient artery and vein goes into the bone

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25
Red bone marrow
Hematopoietic (blood-forming) tissue
26
Yellow bone marrow
Mostly fat contains stem cells that can become cartilage, fat or bone cells
27
Bone markings
Projections, surfaces, depressions
28
Fine major types of bone tissue
•Osteoprogenitor cells •osteoblasts •osteocytes •bone lining cells •osteoclasts
29
Remodeling
When cells continuously resorb (break down) and deposit bone
30
Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
Mitotically active stem cells found in the membranous periosteum and endosteum
31
Osteoblasts
Build new bone Enclose themselves then become osteocytes Stay connected via canaliculi
32
Osteocytes
Mature bone cell Monitors and maintains the bone matrix
33
Osteoclast
Bone-resorbing cell •live along central canal
34
Osteon
Structural unit of compact bone
35
Lamella
Matrix tube that creates the rings in the osteon
36
Central canal
A canal through the center of the osteon that hold blood vessels and nerve fibers
37
Perforating canals
Canals that lie at right angles perpendicular to the central canal
38
Lacunae
Spider-shaped osteocytes at the junction of lamellae
39
Canaliculi
Hairlike canals that radiate from the lacunae, connecting them together and to the central canal
40
Interstitial lamellae
Incomplete lamellae
41
Circumferential lamellae
Layers of bone matrix that circulate the entire bone
42
Organic components
•bone cells and osteoid •allow the bone to resist tension (stretch)
43
Inorganic compounds
•mineral salts •allow bone to resist compression
44
Osteoid
The organic part of the matrix •include ground substance and collagen fibers
45
Collagen
A protein that contributes to the bone’s structure, flexibility, and tensile strength
46
Mineral salts (hydroxyapatites)
The mineral calcium phosphorus found in the bone to create hardness in the bone
47
Ossification (osteogenesis)
The process of bone tissue formation
48
Early embryo skeleton
Consists only of fibrous connective tissue membranes and hyaline cartilage
49
Endochondral ossification
A bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage resulting in endochondral bone •all the bones below the base of the skull, besides the clavicle
50
Intramembranous ossification
A bone develops from a fibrous membrane resulting in a membranous bone
51
1st step in endochondral ossification
Bone collar forms around the diaphysis of the hyaline cartilage •week 9-month 3
52
2nd step in endochondral ossification
Cartilage calcifies in the center of the diaphysis and develops cavities •week 9-month 3
53
3rd step in endochondral ossification
The periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and spongy bone forms •month 3-birth
54
4th step in endochondral ossification
The diaphysis elongates and medullary cavity forms. Second ossification centers appear in the epiphyses •birth-childhood
55
5th step of endochondral ossification
The epiphyses ossify. Some hyaline cartilage remains in the epiphyseal plates and articular cartilage •childhood to adolescence
56
Primary ossification center
The first area of a bone to start ossifying
57
Periosteal bud
A vascular bud that invades ossification center
58
Secondary ossification centers
The second ossification center to develop in the epiphyses
59
Articular cartilage
Tissue that covers the end of the bone where it forms a joint
60
Epiphyseal plates
A thin layer of cartilage that lies between the epiphyses metaphysis
61
Metaphysis
The neck of the long bone between the epiphyses and diaphysis
62
1st step of intramembranous ossification (proliferation zone)
Ossification centers develop in the fibrous CT membrane
63
2nd step of intramembranous ossification (hypertrophic zone)
Osteoid is secreted and calcifies
64
3rd step in intramembranous ossification (calcification zone)
Immature spongy bone and periosteum forms
65
4th step in intramembranous ossification (ossification zone)
Compact bone replaces spongy bone, red marrow develops
66
Fontanelles
Large fibrous areas between cranial bones

Anatomy and Physiology (10 decks)

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