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Skeletal System Flashcards

(92 cards)

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1
Q

Where in the body does disc herniation occur?

A

Lumbar spine

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2
Q

What leaks out during disc herniatikn?

A

Nucleus pulposus

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3
Q

How does disc herniation occur?

A

Flexion and rotation

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4
Q

What age is disc herniation most likely to occur?

A

30-40

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5
Q

What is bursitis? Where does it usually occur?

A

Inflamed bursa due to repetitive use or sudden trauma - usually shoulder (sun-acromial) or hip (trochanteric)

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6
Q

What treatment can prevent gout?

A

Allopurinol or corticosteroid injections

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7
Q

What does gout usually affect?

A

Big toe (can also affect mod feet, ankles, knees, elbows, hands

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8
Q

What disease is usually moniartocular?

A

Gout

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9
Q

Describe onset of gout

A

Painful, red, hot swollen joints (usually 12-24 hr) shiny skin over joints

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10
Q

What kind of joints is gout in?

A

Synovial joints

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11
Q

What disease is known as bamboo spine? Describe it and how it is diagnosed

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

Usually spine pain progresses up, morning stiffness, improves with activity hip and heal pain are common too. Systemic symptoms include fever, fatigue, malaise

Diagnosed via blood or x-ray/MRI

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12
Q

Onset of AS

A

15-30 years

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13
Q

What kind of disease is AS?

A

Autoimmune - mostly genetic association but also linked with leaky gut and other inflammatory bowel diseases as well as urogenital and intestinal infections

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14
Q

Which type of arthritis has gradual onset

A

Osteoarthritis

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15
Q

Which type of arthritis affects weight bearing joints

A

OA

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16
Q

Which type of arthritis affects small joints usually

A

RA

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17
Q

Which type of arthritis has longest morning stiffness (over an hour)

A

RA

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18
Q

Which type of arthritis includes other systemic symptoms?

A

RA

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19
Q

How do you recognize RA?

A

Subcutaneous nodules

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20
Q

How do you recognize osteoarthritis?

A

Osteophyte/bone spurs

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21
Q

Which type of arthritis includes enlarged distal finger joint and deformed joints?

A

OA

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22
Q

Which type of arthritis includes Swan neck fingers

A

RA

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23
Q

Which type of arthritis includes bone erosion (instead of spurs)

A

RA (OA has bone spurs)

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24
Q

Which type of arthritis affects cartilage?

A

OA

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25
Which type of arthritis affects synovial joints?
RA
26
Which type of arthritis is degenerative
OA (wear and tear)
27
How to treat RA?
Anti inflammatory herbs and nutrition, Accupuncture, surgery, anti inflammatory es and immunosuppressants
28
Where is sternum?
Thoracic cage
29
What bone does first rib sit behind?
Clavicle
30
Apex of lung is just superior (above)
Clavicle
31
What attaches to sternum
Ribs (12) except 11-12 which are floating ribs
32
Also known as distal skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
33
Number of bones in appendicular skeleton
126
34
Shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle are part of which skeleton?
Appendicular
35
Elbow bone (lateral)
Radius
36
Wrist bones
Carpals
37
Finger bones
Phalanges
38
Shin bone
Tibia
39
Sesame is bone/anterior knee
Patella
40
Role of tendons
Attach muscle to bone
41
Number of joints
187
42
Where are fibrous joints found?
structures in the skull
43
Where are cartilaginous joints found & what do they do?
Epiphyse growth plate, intervertebral disk, made of cartilage to allow little to no movement
44
Which joints permit most moevement?
Synovial
45
Which joints obtain nutrients only by movement (diffusion).
Synovial
46
What kind of joints are synovial joints?
Hinge and ball and socket
47
What’s the purpose of hyaline cartilage?
Shock observance and friction reduction to protect bones
48
Along with joints what structures also reduce friction and are located between bone and muscle/skin/tendon?
Bursar
49
Abduction
Away from midline
50
Addiction
Movement towards midline
51
Circumspection
Circular movement in succession
52
Protraction and anterior movement mean which direction?
Forward
53
Posterior means which direction
Backwards
54
Eversion means
Turn out
55
Pronation means
Palm down (opposite of supination)
56
Fractures not only cause break in bone but can also damage ….
Blood vessels and nerves
57
Define avulsiln fracture
Tendon or ligament pulls off of a piece of bone
58
4 stages of fracture repair are called
Haematoma Fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bony callus formation Bone remodeling
59
What are ligaments made of and what do they do?
Connective tissue Attach two bones to each other They are re tough!!
60
Describe subluxation
When a joint is partially dislocated
61
What can x-rays detect
Blood clots (iron) Tumors Bones Severe pneumonia
62
Is kyphosis a good or bad thing?
It’s healthy as it distrjbuebs forces throughout the spine Hyper-kyphosis can result from poor posture or osteolorotic spinal fractures and may cause muscular fatigue irritate ribs and interfere with breathing
63
Spinal nerve compression is usually asymptomatic but in’s where cases can cause…
Spinal nerve compression
64
Osteoporosis
Porous bone Chronic Diagnosed by DXA (dual x-ray absorptiometry)
65
What T score indicates osteoporosis
-2.5 or lower
66
Risk factors of osteoporosis
Age (over 30) Female Post-menopausal Acid forming diet (sugar/protein) Low minerals or malnourished Excess sodium Excess caffeine Long term corticosteroid therapy GIT (lover, low stomach acidity, etc) Genes Sedentary lifestyle Low body weight Alcohol and smoking Heavy metals and toxins
67
Osteomalacia and rickets results from
Inadequate mineralization of bone matrix in spongy and compact bone
68
What are signs of rickets?
Like osteomalacia, bowed legs, fractures, back pain, weak muscles but also delayed closure of fontanelles and skull softening
69
Causes for myelitis
Bacteria infection or immunosuppressive IV drugs Diabetes
70
Tribiculae contain small spaces containing
Bone marrow (microscopic spaces)
71
Spongy bone is
Ends of long bone Covered with compact bone Irregular and flat bones
72
Most abundant mineral in bones is
Calcium phosphate (combines with other minerals and crystallizes in collagen matrix which is a collagen fiber scaffold structure) this makes bone hard
73
3 minerals in bone
Calcium phosphate combines with magnesium, potassium and sulfates
74
Ends of long bones (two heads)
Epyphisis
75
Long bones contain compact bone in
Diaphysis
76
What is epiphysisal plate made of
Collagen
77
Composition of epithysis
Layer of compact bone then articulate cartilage then red bone marrow (the spongy bone contains red bone marrow)
78
Compact bone composition
Medullary cavity (red marrow which also can turn into yellow too) Covered by periosteum (covers all bones unless there is cartilage instead as with joints)
79
Composition of periosteum
Tough outer fibrous layer Inner osteocytes and blasts
80
5 bones types
Round(sesamoid) Flat (hip) Long Short (metacarpals or tarpals) Irregular (ribs)
81
2 forms of ossification
Endochondrial (replacing cartilage) Intramembranous sheets
82
Heart of college Phibro it last 2 to 3 weeks and it’s where the Calais elongate he’ll grow display is a layer of hyaline cartilage ossifying can I take the test now do you think I should play you’re getting old I think I’m ready ready can you just let me take the test I’ll take care of Nicole no no no I Need moral support OK good you don’t tell me the answers I’m just reading out loud energy production is the main function of the following cell organelles oh my gosh so easy obviously mitochondria the following is not a function of cell membrane proteins transport in and out of cell obviously they do that immunologically data do they do that recognition site for James I do that proteins synthesis
83
4 respiratory functions
1) gas exchange 2) warm, cool, moisten air 3) immunity: remove inhaled particles (smaller ones go up the mucocilary escalator, larger ones out the nose) Alveolar macrophages in alveoli 4) voice production and olfactory (smell)
84
Macrophages are..
White blood cells
85
Mucociliary escalator is composed of
Goblet cells and hairs in respiratory track which escort the bad particles out
86
8 respiratory system structures
Nose Pharynx (throat) Larynx (voice box) Tranchea (wind pipe) Bronchi (left and right) Bronchioles Alveoli (air sacs)
87
3 Types of respiration
External Internal Cellular
88
External respiration
Gases go from air to lungs to blood (via pulmonary capillaries throughout and around alveoli). Air is breathes in and out (ventilation)
89
Internal respiration
Gases go from blood to cells and vice versa
90
Cellular respiration
Carbs/fats/proteins are metabolized into ATP
91
Respiratory tract mucous membrane structure
Lines the respiratory tract containing goblet cells (which secrete mucus)
92
Respiratory tract mucus membrane function
Traps inhaled particles and is surfactant (lowers surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading) anti microbial

CNM (2 decks)

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