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Comparative Anatomy > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the general characteristics of cartilage and what are the two types?

A
  • formed thru shape of protein fiber matrix
  • indirect blood flow
  • no nerves
  1. Elastic: flexible
    - ear
  2. Hyalin: rigid
    - larynx
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2
Q

What function does Hylain Cartilage serve and what can its destruction lead to?

A
  • covers regions of moving bones
  • lacking can cause pain
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3
Q

What’s the function of Fibrocartilage and what are three examples?

A
  • backed by collagen to withstand lots of force
    1. Intervertebral disks, pubis, and knee joint
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4
Q

What is elastic cartilage used for and what are two examples?

A
  1. Used for its springy/flexible nature

Ear and epiglottis

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5
Q

What are the four methods of classifying bone?

A
  1. Regional: appendicular vs. axial
  2. Histology: compact, spongy, cellular, acellular
  3. Embryonic origin: visceral vs. somatic
  4. Type of Ossification: membrane vs. endochondral
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6
Q

What does dermal bone consist and what is it? Examples?

A
  1. Membrane bone: directly formed in membrane w/o pre-existing cartilage
    Bony structures like plates/ scales that develop in skin
    - dermatocranium, dentary, clavicle
    - adventitious (secondary cartilage) in mammals/birds
    - dermally derived
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7
Q

What is sesamoid bone associated with? Examples?

A
  • within tendons
  • growth depends on tendon pressure/stress
    Ex: patella,pisiform bone of wrist
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8
Q

What is perichondral or periostea’s bone formed from and what is its function?

A

1.from connective tissue
- over cartilage or bone

  1. Forms bones in adult (osteoblasts)
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9
Q

What is secondary cartilage’s function?

A
  1. Cartilage forms after initial bone
    - mostly at points of trauma
  2. Replaced by endochondral bone ossification
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10
Q

What is endochondral bone and what is its function

A
  • forms from ossification of preexisting cartilage
  • limb bones
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11
Q

What are the three main regions in endochondral development?

A
  1. Epiphysis: ends of bone
  2. Metaphysis: growing region (area between)
  3. Diaphysis: middle shaft of bone
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12
Q

What are the layers of a mature bone (dermal and endochondral) and its composition?

A
  1. Cortical bone: cortex of bone
    • compact bone: dense
  2. Medullary bone: lines core of bone
    • spongy bone: hemopoietic tissue and porous
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13
Q

What is the purpose of bones and give an example?

A
  1. Use to support and give structure

Ex: urostyle in frog: supports pelvic region for jumping

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14
Q

What’s the germ layer composition of exoskeleton?

A

Dermis: bone
Epidermis: keratin

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15
Q

What is the germ composition the endoskeleton?

A
  1. Mesoderm: tissue, bone, cartilage
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16
Q

What does the chondrocranium protect and what is it composed of?

A
  1. Base and back of brain
    - supports brain and protects sensory organs
  2. Endochondral bone
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17
Q

What are the five stages of Chondrocranial development?

A
  1. Notochord —> caudal plate
  2. Cranial vertebrae —> occipital arch
  3. Parachordal cartilage fuses to the basal plate
  4. Trabeculae fuses to form the ethmoid plate
  5. Sense capsules form around organs
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18
Q

What is the splanchnocranium derived from?

A
  • neural crest of visceral arches 1-6
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19
Q

In Teleosts do gill arches 3-6 and 1-2 do?

A

3-6: support gill filaments
1-2: jaw suspension

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20
Q

What is the evolutionary trend in the pharyngeal skeleton?

A

It is reduced from early vertebrates to birds and mammals

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21
Q

What is the make up of the primitive splanchnocranium?

A
  1. 7 arches
    A1: mandibular: palatoquadrate and mer
    A2: hyoid: hyomandibulae

Levels of Bone:
-pharyngo, epi, cerato, hypo, basil

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22
Q

What is feature in placoderms is homologous to the jaw?

A

Placodermal plates

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23
Q

What is paleostylic jaw style?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • no brachial arches connected to skull
  • only cartilage
24
Q

What jaw style does group Agnathans have?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • none: no official jaw
  • paleostylic
25
What jaw type are placoderms and acanthodians?
Euautostylic
26
What is the euautostylic jaw style entail?
Palatoquadrate connected to neurocranium - hyomandibulae no part in jaw suspension
27
Which groups have an amphistylic jaw style?
1. Crossopterygii (rhipidistians and coelocanths) 2. Extinct osteicthyes 3. Extinct chrondricthyes
28
What describes the amphistylic jaw style?
1. Hyomandibular and palatoquadrate connected independently to braincase 2. Palatoquadrate: 1 or more articulations with chondrocranium
29
What are the two independently evolved types of hyostylic jaws?
1. Hyostyly Connected by hyomandibular—otic capsule; palatoquadrate—hyomandibular -elasmobranchs 2 modified hyostyly: have symplectic bone aids in connection - SC osteichthyes - teleosts
30
What is secondary autostylic?
Palatoquadrate — chondrocranium - H.M has no involvement in suspending PQ
31
What groups are secondary autostylic?
Holocephali and dipnoi
32
What is metautostylic?
- Jaw connected by quadrate to braincase - type of 2* autostylic -hyomandibular—> columnella - 2nd arch —> hyoid apparatus
33
What groups are metautostylic?
1. Amphibians 2. Reptiles
34
What describes craniostylic jaw type?
1. Jaw articulated by squamosal and dentary 2. Splanchnocranium: hyoid apparatus and ear bones -Quadrate —> incus -articular—> malleus - 2* autostylic
35
What groups were craniostylic?
Mammals and reptiles
36
What does the palatoquadrate ossify to form?
1. Quadrate
37
What comprises the jaw joint in teleosts and most mammals?
Articular and quadrate bones
38
What comprises jaw joint in mammals?
1. Dentary (meckles surrounds by dermal bone) 2. Squamosal - fused in humans to form temporal
39
What are the 6 series of dermatocranial bones?
1. Facial 2. Orbital 3. Temporal 4. Vault 5. Palatal 6. Mandibular
40
What region is the facial series and what does it include?
- snout Premaxilla, maxilla, and nasals
41
What region is the orbital series and what does it include?
- encircles the eyes - lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital, and jugal
42
What region is the temporal series and what does it include?
-posterior wall of braincase - intertemporal, surpratemporal, tabular, squamosal, quadratojugal
43
What region is the vault series and what does it include?
- roofing bones -frontal, parietal, postparietal
44
What region is the palatal series and what does it include?
- covers roof of mouth - pterygoid, vomer, palatine, ectopterygoid, parasphenoid
45
What region is the mandibular series and what does it include?
- encases meckles cartilage - Lateral: dentary,splenials, angular, surangular, -Medial: pre articular, coronoids
46
What are the head skeleton of ostracoderms and cyclostomes (Agnatha)?
Ostracoderms- dermal head shield Cyclostomes: cartilaginous brain case
47
What did placodermy head skeleton look like?
1. Dermal bone plates, ossified upper jaw 2. No spiracle
48
What did the head skeleton of cartilaginous fish look like?
- no dermatocranium - chondrocranium —> braincase - splanchnocranium - jaws suspended by ceratohyal and meckles cart
49
What characterizes head skeleton of Actinopterygians?
- operculum (dermal bone) - hyoid arch
50
What characterized the sarcopterygians head skeleton?
1. Dermatocranium like actinopterygii 2. I. Early lungfish: PQ fused to braincase II. Rhipidipstians: strong jaw & Labrynthodont teeth
51
What is the amphibian head skeleton?
- reduced splanchnocranium - hyomandibular—collumnella - reduced hyoid - dermal bones lost or fused
52
What is the head skeleton of reptiles and birds?
Depending on temporal fenestrae and muscle connection -anapsid, synapsid, diapsid, euryapsid
53
How does the apparence during evolution of the secondary palate affect the pharyngeal region?
Separates the oral/nasal pharynx for better eating and breathing
54
What is the evolutionary trend behind choanae?
They move caudally -towards throat in mammals
55
What is the head skeleton of mammals?
1. Braincase: dermal and endochondral bone 2. Turbinate Bones: - for turbinates which allow for better scent
56
What type of bone are bones in the dermatocranium?
Dermal bone

Comparative Anatomy (3 decks)

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