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KNES 259 - Anatomy and Physiology > Skeletal System > Flashcards

Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of Bones

A

1) Protection (of organs, internal structures)
2) Support/Structure
3) Leverage and Movement (lever system)
4) Storage of Minerals and Triglycerides (fats)
5) Blood cell production

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2
Q

6 types of Bones

A
  1. Long (greater length
    than width)
  2. Flat
  3. Sutural
  4. Irregular (complex
    shapes)
  5. Short (cube shaped)
  6. Sesamoid (shaped like a
    sesame seed)
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3
Q

Skeletal Divisions

A
  • Axial (skull, spine, ribs)
  • Apendicular - limbs
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4
Q

Joints

A
  • occur where two bones articulate (join)
  • serve to provide a mix of stability and mobility
  • type depends on its movement
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5
Q

Types of Joint (6)

A
  • saddle: synovial joint that supports flexion/extension and adduction/abduction
  • plane-type: articulation of two nearly flat bones that only allow small gliding motions
  • ball and socket: allow all motions and include a head sitting within a rounded out indent
  • hinge: allow flex/ext
  • pivot: allow rotation around a single axis
  • condyloid: concave and convex bone articulation, allows abd/add, ext/flex, circumduction but no rotation
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6
Q

Clavicle

A
  • Joins the axial skeleton to the
    appendicular skeleton
  • Articulates with sternum
    (medial) and acromion of
    scapula (lateral)
  • sternal end is smaller where the acromial end is larger
  • The conoid tubercle is found on the inferior side towards the acromial end
  • deltoid tubercle is above the coniod tubercle
  • subclavian groove is the large ridge
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7
Q

Sternoclavicular joint

A
  • articulation of the medial clavicle and mandibrium of sternum
  • saddle joint and therefore allows flex/ext and abd/add on the sagittal and coronal planes
  • the articular disk acts as a shock absorber
  • two ligaments are sternoclavicular and interclavicular
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8
Q

Scapula (Posterior)

A
  • spine: large ridge through the center
  • supraspinous fossa: area above the spine
  • infraspinous fossa: are below the spine
  • Acromion: most lateral, almost an extension of the spine
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9
Q

Scapula (Anterior)

A
  • subscapular fossa: area across the front of the scapula
  • Suprascapular notch: notch between the superior angle and the coracoid process
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10
Q

Scapula (Lateral)

A
  • Coracoid process: most anterior
  • Glenoid cavity: a fossa or hole that articulates with the humerus
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11
Q

Acromioclavicular joint

A
  • articulation of the acromial clavical end and the acromion of the scapula
  • it is a plane type joint that only allows some gliding
  • Acromioclavicular ligament: coats the joint
  • Coracoacromial ligament: coracoid process to acromion
  • Coracoclavicular ligament
    – Trapezoid ligament (lateral)
    – Conoid ligament (medial
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12
Q

Humerus

A
  • Brachium of arm
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13
Q

Glenohumeral joint

A
  • articulates the head of the humerus and the glenoid cavity (fossa) of scapula
  • Ball and socket joint, very shallow and is meant for mobility over stability
  • glenoid labrum intended to deepen the glenoid cavity for increased stability
  • Glenohumeral ligament
  • Coracohumeral ligament
  • Coracoacromial ligament
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14
Q

Ulna and Radius

A
  • Antibrachium
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15
Q

Humeroradial joint

A
  • Capitulum of humerus
    and head of radius articulate
  • Hinge joint
  • Radial collateral ligament
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16
Q

Humeroulnar joint

A
  • Trochlea of humerus and
    trochlear notch of ulna articulate
  • hinge joint
  • ulnar collateral ligament
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17
Q

Elbow joint

A
  • humerus, radius, ulna
  • hinge joint
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18
Q
A
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19
Q

Humeroradial joint

A
  • Capitulum of humerus
    and head of radius articulate
  • hinge joint
  • radial collateral ligament
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20
Q

Humeroulnar joint

A
  • Trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of ulna
  • Hinge joint
  • Ulnar collateral ligament
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21
Q

Elbow joint

A
  • humerus, radius, ulna
  • hinge joint
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22
Q

Radioulnar joint

A

Proximal
– Head of Radius
– Radial notch of Ulna
Distal
– Head of Ulna
– Ulnar notch of Radius

  • Pivot joint where the radius rotates about the ulna at the distal aspect
  • Annular ligament
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23
Q

Radiocarpal joint

A
  • articulates radius with the scaphoid and lunate
  • condyloid joint
  • Greater ulnar deviation (adduction)
    vs. radial deviation (abduction)
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24
Q

Carpal Bones

A
  • of 8 in total, 4 are found in a proximal row and 4 in a distal row
  • Some Lovers Tri Positions That They Can’t Handle = Scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform, trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate - ordered proximal/lateral to distal/medial
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25
Q

Metacarpal bones

A
  • numbered 1-5 (starting with the thumb)
  • there is a base a shaft and a head for each
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26
Q

Phalanges

A
  • 1st digit only has proximal and distal phalanx
  • digits 2-5 have a distal, middle and proximal phalanx.
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27
Q

Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints

A
  • condyloid (ellipsoidal) joint
  • metacarpal is convex and phalanx are concave
  • they can flex/ext and add/abd
28
Q

Movements of the Thumb

A
  • Abd: holding a cup
  • Add: making hand flat and skinny
  • Ext: palm up pull thumb out
  • Flex: touch your far callous
  • Opposition: thumb to pinky
  • Reposition: Return to flat
29
Q

Pelvic Bones

A
  • Os Coxae consist of ilium, ischium, pubis
  • the socket of the hip is the acetabulum which stands for little vinegar cup and forms from all three os coxae bones
30
Q

Pelvic Bones

A
  • Pelvic basin is formed by the anterior (pubic symphysis) and posterior (sacrum/sacroiliac joint) union
  • the sacrum is 5 fused vertebrae that begin to fuse at 15-17 with full fusion occurring in mid 20s
31
Q

Sacroiliac joint

A
  • syndesmosis (rough edge of bone bones held together by strong connective tissue)
  • slight gliding and rotary movements
32
Q

Pubic Symphysis

A
  • symphysis joint (fibrocartilaginous pad fusion)
  • superior and inferior pubic ligaments
  • rectus abd. and oblique connect
33
Q

Acetabulofemoral Joint

A
  • articulation of head of femur and acetabulum
  • ball and socket joint that is quite deep for stability over mobility
  • ligaments are iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ishiofemoral
  • Acetabular labrum deepens the joint
34
Q

Femur

A
  • longest bone in the body
  • LIST ALL THE PARTS AFTER THE LAB ON THIS
35
Q

Tibiofemoral joint

A
  • “knee joint”
  • articulates the distal femur condyles and the proximal tibia (plateau)
  • this is a modified hige joint (condyloid) so it also has very slight rotations when the knee is not fully extended
  • Anterior and Posterior cruciate ligament
  • ACL prevents anterior tibial translation and hyperextension
  • PCL prevents posterior tibial translation
  • MCL prevents valgus or caving knees
  • LCL prevents varus motion or bow knees
36
Q

Menisci

A
  • medial meniscus - c shaped
  • lateral meniscus - circular shaped
  • act to deepen the tibial plateau, increase stability, and provide cushion
37
Q

Patella

A
  • translates to little dish
  • is a sesamoid bone
38
Q

Patellofemoral joint

A
  • distal femur (intercondylar groove) articulates with the patella
  • gliding joint that helps with flex and ext of knee
  • lateral facet is larger
39
Q

Tibia

A
  • supports majority of the body’s weight
  • Tibia articulates with distal
    aspect of femur
40
Q

Fibula

A
  • supports only about 10% of the body’s weight
  • Fibula articulates with tibia and not the femur
41
Q

Proximal tibiofibular joint

A
  • anterior and posterior ligaments of fibular head
42
Q

Distal tibiofibular joint

A
  • anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligament
43
Q

Interosseous membrane (Tibiofibular joints)

A
  • between the tibia and fibula
  • allows for very little movement
44
Q

Tarsals

A
  • calcaneus: largest tarsal, heel bone
  • talus: sits on top of the calcaneus
  • Navicular: in front of talus
  • Cuboid: most lateral tarsal in the front row
  • medial, intermediate and lateral cuneiform: make up the front row
45
Q

Metatarsals

A
  • labeled one to 5 starting at the big toe
46
Q

Phalanges

A
  • Similar to in the hand
  • bid toes only has distal and proximal while all others also have a middle
47
Q

Talocrural Joint

A
  • talus, medial, and lateral malleolus (of tibia and fibula respectively)
  • Hinge joint: plantar and dorsiflexion
48
Q

Subtalar Joint

A
  • talus and calcaneus
  • condyloid joint
  • inversion/eversion
49
Q

Arches of foot

A
  • medial longitudinal with navicular keystone
  • lateral “” with cuboid keystone
  • transverse with intermediate cuneiform and key
  • keystone found in the middle
50
Q

Normal Curvatures of the Spine

A
  • primary curvatures are convex (how spine develops as a fetus)
  • secondary curvatures are concave, and the first one comes as a newborn
51
Q

Abnormal curvatures

A
  • Kyphosis = hump or increased thoracic curvature
  • Lordosis = bent backwards. increased lumbar curvature
52
Q

Typical Vertebrae Landmarks

A
  • Vertebral body - part that is able to stack one on top of the other
  • Posterior portion is the spinous process with two transverse process to the side - these are here for ligaments and such to attach to
  • Veritable foramen (hole) - they all line up for the spinal cord to pass through
53
Q

Cervical Spine

A
  • first seven vertebrae (top w/o rib attached)
  • has a transverse foramen that allows neck arteries to pass blood to the brain
  • Bifid spinous process meaning it has two little points at the end - this lets more tendons and ligaments attach because these are the small very mobile vertebrae
54
Q

Atlas

A
  • C1
  • There is no body just a large whole to accommodate facet/dens
  • Articulates w/ Occipital condyles
  • No disc between C1 & Occiput
55
Q

Axis

A
  • C2
    – Body & Odontoid process (dens)
    – No disc between C1 & C2
56
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • articulation of the atlas and occipital bone of skull
  • allows for the yes movement (nodding) because of the divot shape
  • alar ligament
57
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A
  • Articulation of Atlas and Axis
  • Allows for the no motion
  • Supported by transverse
    ligament
58
Q

Thoracic Spine

A
  • Ribs can attach here (costal)
  • Facets T1, T10, T11 and T12
  • Demifacets T2-T9 (demifacets mean a rib is shared between two vertebrae)
59
Q

Costovertebral joints

A
  • head of rib articulates with costal (demi)facets
  • synovial joint
  • Radiate ligament
  • Tubercle of rib articulates
    with transverse facet
    – Costotransverse ligament
60
Q

Lumbar spine

A
  • They are short and blunt
  • Has a more blunt rounded transverse process
  • Largest of the vertebral bodies (less mobility more stability)
61
Q

Sacrum

A
  • 5 fused vertebrae
  • Ala (wings) articulate with ilium
62
Q

Coccyx

A
  • 4 fused vertebrae
    – Vestigial tail
    – Provides anchor for spinal cord
63
Q

Intervertebral (IV) joints

A
  • weight bearing symphysis joints
  • IV discs provide
    strong attachment
    between vertebrae
    – Act as shock absorbers
  • Lots of cartilage (annulus fibrosus)
  • Nucleus pulposus - jelly like inside
  • Disk herniation - when annular tears squeezes all the jelly out to the back (usually occur to the posterior)
64
Q

Spinal Ligaments

A
  • Anterior/posterior longitudinal ligament: Found on front of vertebral bodies all the way down spine
  • Ligamentum flavum (Connects adjacent lamina)
  • Interspinous ligament (Connects adjacent spinous process)
  • Supraspinous Ligament
  • Intertransverse
  • Nuchal ligament: Only cervical, Much thicker, From external occipital to spinous processes of cervical spine
65
Q

Zygapophyseal (facet)
joints

A

– Joints between superior and inferior
articular processes
– Synovial plane joints
– Articular processes of regional vertebrae oriented differently to allow for specific movements

66
Q
A

KNES 259 - Anatomy and Physiology (4 decks)

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