Skeletal System Flashcards by Katie AS

Explain what is meant ay the anatomical position

Person stands erect, palms forward feet parallel and flat on the floor palms facing forward. Arms are at the side of the body.

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Describe following body positions

a. supine
b. prone

a. body lying face up
b. body laying face down

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Meaning of the following anatomical terms:

a. distal
b. medial
c. proximal
d. contralateral
e. lateral
f. bilateral
g.Unilateral
h. Ipsilateral
i. anterior (ventral)
j. posterior (dorsal)
k. Superior
l. Inferior

a. further from the trunk
b. nearer to the midline
c. nearer to the trunk
d. on the opposite side
e. away from the midline
f. both sides
g. one side
h. on the same side
i. nearer the front
J. nearer the back
K. towards the top
L. towards the bottom

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Anatomical term for further under the skin

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Explain the difference between the following planes;

Coronal
Sagittal
Horizontal/transverse

Coronal - separating front and back
Sagittal - separating left and right
Horizontal/transverse plane - separate top from bottom.

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List 4 functions of the human skeleton

Supports the framework of the body
Assists with movement (joints)
Haematopoiesis - formation and development of blood cells from the red bone marrow
Mineral Homeostasis - mainly calcium phosphate
Triglyceride storage (Yellow bone marrow)
Attachment for muscles and tendons
Forms boundaries (skull)

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Which bone cell am I:

a. Huge cells derived from fusion of as many as 50 monocytes.

b. Bone building cells. Synthesise and secrete collagen and other components of bony matrix.

c. Mature bone cells. Maintains daily metabolism of bone such as nutrient and waste exchange

d.Only bone cell to undergo division

a.Osteoclast
b.Osteoblast cell
c.Osteocyte
d. Osteogenic

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Which bone cell can transform to an Osteocyte?

Osteoblast

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Describe 3 features of compact bone

Contains few spaces and is strong
stuctural unit of compact bone is Osteon
which are aligned in the same lines as stress
80% of bone is compact bone

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where is compact bone located

Beneath the periosteum of all bones and makes up a bulk of the Diaphysis of long bones.

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What is meant by resorption

Osetoclasts and Osteoblasts work together to remodel bone. The process of breaking down of bone matrix is known as Resorption

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Whats the structural unit of compact bone

Osteon

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Explain the Haversian canal

It is part of the Osteon and contains blood vessels and nerves

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Describe the Lamellae

Concentric rings of calcified extracellular matrix containing minerals and collagen

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Describe Lacunae

Small spaces between Lamellae and contain Osteocytes

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Describe Canaliculi

Mini system of interconnected canals that provide a route for nutrient and waste.

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Describe two features of spongy bone

Consists of an irregular lattice of thin columns called trabeculae which are arranged along the lines of stress.

Macroscopic spaces between trabeculae help make bone lighter and can be filled with bone marrow. Also contains blood vessels to nourish the bone.

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Where is spongy bone located in the body.

Makes up the interior of short, flat and irregularly shaped bones and the ends of long bones. Spongy bone is always covered with compact bone.

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Explain why spongy bone is always covered by a layer of compact bone.

Provide protection, structural support and blood supply.

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Name the most abundant mineral in bone

Calcium Phosphate is the most abundant, but mixes with other mineral salts such as magnesium, sulphate and potassium

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Give 2 examples of long bone

Femur
Tibia

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Complete the following:

The epiphysis is separated from the diaphysis by the ____________________ plate, which is a layer of ________________ cartilage that allows the diaphysis to grow in length. The epiphysis contains a region of thin outer ¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬¬____________ bone covered by hyaline cartilage. There is an inner spongy bone with ____________ bone marrow. The diaphysis contains an outer compact bone covered by ____________. It contains a central ____________ cavity that contains____________ and ____________ bone marrow.

Epiphyseal plate
Hyaline Cartilage
Compact Bone
Red Bone Marrow
Periosteum
Medullary
Red
Yellow

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What do the following terms mean
a. diaphysis
b. epiphysis

A. shaft of long bone
b. Heads of long bone

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Does all bone marrow commence as yellow bone marrow.

No all bone marrow starts out red then as we go through life it turns yellow and is stored in our bones for quick access should we need it in an emergency.

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Describe 3 functions of the periosteum

Protects bone Serves as an attachment for ligaments and tendons. supply blood to the bone Help bone grow in width

Describe the inner and outer layers of the periosteum

Inner layer is the Osteogenic layer that contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts assisting in bone growth and repair A tough Outer layer 'fibrous layer protects the bone.

Apart from long bones, name FOUR other types of bones and list one example of each

Sesamoid bone - Patella (knee cap) Irregular bone - vertebrae short bone - carpals Flat bone - Skull

Describe the difference between ‘Intramembranous’ and ‘Endochondral’ ossification.

Intramembranous - develops from a connective tissue sheets. e.g all flat bones - skull and the clavicles develop this way. Endochondral - main way we produce bone by replacing hyaline cartilage.

Identify which bone grows lengthwise.

Long bones

List TWO factors that influence bones as they grow in thickness.

Physical stress, muscle activity and weight.

Explain the role of the epiphyseal plate.

Long bones elongate from the epiphyseal growth plate. It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where Osteoblasts are produced in the early 20's the epiphyseal growth plate ossifies and only a thin epiphyseal line remains.

Name TWO hormones that promote osteoblast activity.

Growth hormone Thyroid Hormone Calcitonin

Name TWO hormones that promote osteoclast activity.

Cortisol and Parathyroid Hormone

Name TWO glands in the body that regulate calcium exchange

Parathyroid and Thyroid glands

Describe in detail what specifically happens when there is a: a. Reduction in blood calcium b. Increase in blood calcium

a. Hypocalcaemia - Osteoclasts break down bone and release calcium into the blood. b. Hypercalcaemia - Increase in Osteoblast activity (takes calcium from the blood back into the bone)

9. Describe the role of the following vitamins and minerals in the regulation of calcium in the body: a. Vitamin D b. Vitamin K2 c. Magnesium

a. Vitamin D facilitates calcium absorption in the intestines and is directly involved in bone turnover b. Vitamin K2 activates a protein called osteocalcin which controls the utilisation of calcium in the body (depositing in the bones) c. Magnesium is a co-factor needed for the conversion of Vit D in the body.

Name TWO factors that contribute to Vitamin D deficiency.

Low sun exposure, reduced dietary absorption, reduce ability for the body to produce the active form of vitamin D through processes in the skin, liver and kidneys. High alcohol intake.

State the type of exercise that promotes bone building and explain why it is important.

Mechanical stress (Weight baring exercise) leads to increased mineral deposition and increased collagen production stimulating osteoblasts therefore builds bone.

How are skull bones joined

by fibrous joints (sutures)

What are sinuses and what is their function

Air filled cavities in the skull a. give resonance to voice b. lightens bones of face and cranium

What are fontanelles

Soft spots between sutures on a new borns head that gradually fuse over a period of 18 months.

How many joints in the human body

187

Is the vertebral column axial or appendicular skeleton

Axial

Describe the role of intervertebral discs and how many do we have.

Shock absorption 23 discs

How many vertebrae in each of the following. Name the region and number a. cervical b. Thoracic c. lumbar d. Sacrum and coccyx

a. cervical - C1 - C7 (5) b. Thoracic - T1 - T 12 (12) c. Lumbar L1 - L5 (5) d. Sacrum and Coccyx (fused bones)

What are the functions for the vertebral column

Protection for the spinal cord, movement e.g side bending, support of skull and forms the axis of the trunk

When are intervertebral discs most hydrated and what can this cause.

First thing in the morning and in our 30's - 40's it is when patients are most likely to get disc herniations due to discs being most hydrated

What are the 2 parts of the intervertebral discs

Nucleus pulposus - inner part that is a gel like pad Annulus Fibrosus

How many bones in the body

206

How many bones in the appendicular skeleton

126

How many bones in the axial Skeleton

Define the appendicular skeleton

Distal skeleton - consisting of the limbs

What are the functions of the appendicular skeleton and what key areas does it consist of.

Movement and organ protection Pelvic girdle, leg and foot shoulder girdle, arm and hand

What joint do you find in the dimples of your lower back

Sacro Iliac joint

Describe the function of a bursa

to allow frictionless movement in a joint

Give one example of a fibrous joint

Sutures between skull bones

Describe the structure of a synovial joint

joint that has synovial membrane and synovial fluid and a bit of cartilage line the joints making the joint mobile.

What is meant by the movement flexion

reduce angle in joint

What happens to the foot in planta flexion

bending foot down. Standing on tip toes

Which 2 bones make up the shoulder girdle

Clavicle and scapula

Where in the body do we find carpals metacarpals Phalanges

Carpals - wrist Metacarpals - bones between carpals and digits (fingers) Phalanges fingers

Explain how muscles are attached to bone

They are attached to bone via tough fibrous structures called tendons. e.g calf muscle and Achilles tendon as it attaches to your ankle

Describe the role of a joint

joints connect 2 bony structures to permit varying degrees of movement

Give TWO examples of joints that allow for no or limited movement

Fibrous joints - e.g skull Cartilaginous joints - e.g Epiphyseal growth plate and intervertebral discs

Describe the role of a joint

connect 2 bony structures to permit movement

Which hormone promotes closure of the epiphyseal plate

Oestrogen and Testosterone

Skeletal System Flashcards

(66 cards)