Skeletal System

Question 1

Appendicular skeleton

Answer 1

Limbs and girdles –> pectoral and pelvic

Question 2

Axial skeleton

Answer 2

skull, thoracic cage

Question 3

Long bone

Answer 3

limbs, medullary cavity, bone marrow

Question 4

flat bone

Answer 4

thin, curve, compact bone and spongey bone

Question 5

irregular bone

Answer 5

complex shapes, protection

Question 6

short bone

Answer 6

cuboidal. wrists and foot

Question 7

Ligaments connect what?

Answer 7

bone to bone

Question 8

Tendons connect what?

Answer 8

muscles to bone

Question 9

Function of skeletal system

Answer 9

protection, mobility, hemopoiesis, storage

Question 10

composition of bone

Answer 10

1/3 organic, 2/3 inorganic

Question 11

osteoprogenitor cells (mesenchymal stem cells)

Answer 11

bone membranes

Question 12

osteoblasts

Answer 12

secrete osteoid matrix. deposition

Question 13

osteocyte

Answer 13

mature cells. housed in extracellular matrix, found in bone tissue, bone matrix

Question 14

osteoclasts

Answer 14

bone marrow, osteoclast precursor cells fuse –>osteoclast. huge and multinucleated. breakdown bone + reabsorption: organic and breakdown matrix inorganic.

Question 15

organic

Answer 15

collagen. proteolytic enzymes.

Question 16

inorganic

Answer 16

hydroxyapatite crystals. HCL

Question 17

osteoclast precursor

Answer 17

RANK L/ RANK = prod on development + activation of osteoclast

Question 18

compact bone

Answer 18

solid, heavy, outside

Question 19

spongy bone

Answer 19

lighter “spaces”, bone marrow

Question 20

bone deposition

Answer 20

osteoid (collagen)(osteoblast), calcification (osteocyte)

Question 21

epiphyseal plate

Answer 21

growth plate. when closes forms epiphyseal line.

Question 22

epiphyseal line

Answer 22

indicates mature bone

Question 23

chondrocytes

Answer 23

mature cartilage cells maintains matrix

Question 24

chondroblasts

Answer 24

immature cartilage cells secretes matrix

Question 25

hyaline cartilage

Answer 25

no edosteum. missing source of cells

Question 26

appositional growth

Answer 26

adding to outside (perichondrium)

Question 27

Interstitial growth

Answer 27

inside

Question 28

Ossification

Answer 28

process of laying down new bone via osteoblasts

Question 29

intramembranous ossification

Answer 29

mesenchymal membrane (fibrous mat) vascularized --> flat bone. mesenchymal cells become osteoprogenitor cells--> osteoblasts which secrete osteoid

Question 30

endochondral

Answer 30

cartilage model which is transformed into bone --> long bone

Question 31

resorption

Answer 31

tearing down bone matrix via osteoclasts

Question 32

sex hormones

Answer 32

stimulates growth. the end of the beginning. esp. plate closing.

Question 33

thyroid hormone (T3/T4)

Answer 33

critical for formations of growth hormone (GH). basal metabolic rate

Question 34

zone of resting cartilage

Answer 34

mature cartilage that secures epiphysis to epiphyseal plate

Question 35

zone of proliferation

Answer 35

chondrocytes-->rapid cell division-->flattened lacunae

Question 36

zone of hypertrophy

Answer 36

chondrocytes stop dividing+begin hypertrophy-->walls of lacunae thin

Question 37

zone of calcification

Answer 37

minerals deposited between lacunae killing chondrocytes

Question 38

zone of ossification

Answer 38

lacunae walls break down, capillaries + osteoprogenites cells enter --> new bone matrix deposited on calcified cartilage matrix

Question 39

calcitriol

Answer 39

works with parathyroid hormone. calcitriol is trying to help out

Question 40

wolffs law

Answer 40

bones respond to stress form accommodate for stress

Question 41

fracture

Answer 41

simple or compound (breaks thru skin). hematoma, biological splint, bony callus, remodeling