Skeletal System Flashcards
What are the organs of the Skeletal System?
Bones
What are the 5 major functions of the Skeletal System?
- Support
- Protection
- Movement
- Storage (calcium)
- Hematopoiesis (form blood cells)
What are the 5 categories of bones in the skeleton?
^ Long Bones - Humerus, Arm bone
^ Short Bones - Carpals, Wrist bones
^ Flat Bones - Frontal, Skull
^ Irregular Bones - Vertebrae, Spinal bones
^ Sesamoid - round; Patella (Kneecap)
What are the major features of a long bone?How does the typical flat bone differ?
Long Bone; Diaphysis (hollow tube of hard compact bone);
Medullary cavity (hollow area in the bone containing yellow bone marrow);
Epiphyses (end of bones; contains red bone marrow);
Articular Cartilage (thin layer covering epiphysis; cushions joints);
Periosteum (strong fibrous membrane covering long bone);
Endosteum (thin membrane lining medullary cavity).
Longer than they are wide.
Flat bones have a simpler structure than long bones. Thin, often curved. They are more like a layered sandwich with spongy bone in the middle.
compact bone - Cancellous bone (diploe) - Compact bone
What is the basic structural unit of compact bone tissue called?
Osteon
What are the primary structures of a long bone?
Diaphysis (shaft): Hollow tube made of hard, compact bone
Medullary cavity: Hollow area in the diaphysis; contains soft yellow bone marrow
Epiphysis: End of the bone
Articular cartilage: Thin layer of cartilage covering epiphysis
Periosteum: Strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage
Endosteum: Thin membrane that lines the medullary cavity
What are osteocytes? Where would you find them in bone tissue?
Osteocytes are living bone cells.
Found between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae (in the lacunae)
How does cartilage differ from bone?
Cartilage fibers are embedded in a firm gel not a calcified cement substance like in bone.
Cartilage = flexible, lacks blood vessels, rebuilds itself very slowly
Bone = Stiff, make blood in bones,
What is ossification?
What is the role of the osteoblasts?
Ossification is a bone being formed in cartilage.
Osteoblasts are bone forming cells
What is the difference between the axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton?
Axial = Bones in the CENTRE axis of the body (skull, spine, thorax and hyoid bone)
Appendicular = Bones of the UPPER and LOWER extremities (or APPENDAGES) (shoulder, pectoral girdles, arms, wrists, hands, hip, pelvic, legs, ankles, and feet)
What is a suture? A fontanel? A sinus?
Sutures - immovable joints
Fontanel - Soft Spots (area where ossification remains incomplete at birth)
Sinuses - spaces behind some of the cranial bones
What are the 3 major categories of vertebrae? How many bones are in each section?
- Cervical = 7 bones
- Thoracic = 12 bones
- Lumbar = 5 bones
How is a false rib different from a true rib?
True Ribs are attached to the sternum with costal cartilage whereas False Ribs are attached directly to the cartilage of the 7th rib.
Name the spinal curves in the concave curvature and the spinal curves in the convex curvatures of the body.
Concave Curvatures = Cervical and Lumbar
Convex Curvatures = Thoracic and Sacral
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
Name 8 bones of the upper extremities & 8 bones of the lower extremities.
Upper - Scapula, Clavicle, Humerus, Radius, Ulna, Carpals, Metacarpals, Phalanges
Lower - Pubis, Ischium, Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Calcaneus, Phalanges,
What are the phalanges?
Why are these two different sets of phalanges?
Small bones in the fingers and toes
Fingers and Toes are not the same so there is 2.
What are metacarpal bones?
How do they differ from metatarsal bones?
Metacarpals are framework of the hand.
MetaTARSALS form part of the foot that the phalanges attach to.
How does the female pelvis differ from the male pelvis?
Female Pelvis - Broad and Shallow, Generally wider
Male Pelvis - Deep and Narrow
What are the three major types of joints in the skeleton?
Give an example of each.
Synarthrosis - Sutures of the Skull (Bone to Bone between)
Amphiarthrosis - Symphysis Pubis (cartilage between bones)
Diarthrosis - Arms, Legs, Fingers (joint capsules between bones)
What is the degree of movement for each of the 3 major types of joints in the skeleton?
Synarthrosis - NO MOVEMENT
Amphiarthrosis - SLIGHT MOVEMENT
Diarthrosis - FREE MOVEMENT
What membrane in a diarthrotic joint provides lubrication for movement?
Synovial membrane
What is a ligament?
- Cords or bands made of strong fibrous connective tissue at a joint capsule
- Grow out of the periosteum
- Join the two bones together firmly
What is meant by “flexing” the elbow?
Extending the elbow?
Flexing is bending a joint
Extending is straightening it out
