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Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

A
  • Support - provides framework; strong but flexible
  • Protection - protects soft tissues located within body cavities; red bone marrow produces red blood cells that protect the body from disease
  • Movement - muscles anchored to bones; muscles contract pulling on bones to move them
  • Storage - homeostasis of blood calcium; cavities in some bones store fat
  • Hematopoiesis - the process of blood cell formation is carried on in red bone marrow
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2
Q

What are the five types of bones?

A
  • Long bones (ex. arm)
  • Short bones (ex. carpals)
  • Flat bones (ex. skull)
  • Irregular bones (ex. vertebrae)
  • Sesamoid bones (ex. patella)
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3
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

Shaft of a long bone; hollow tube made of hard, compact bone

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4
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

Hollow area in the diaphysis; contains soft, yellow bone marrow.

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5
Q

What are the epiphyses?

A

Ends of a long bone; red bone marrow fills small spaces in the spongy bone.

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6
Q

What is articular cartilage?

A

Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering each epiphysis; functions like a thin, smooth rubber cushion.

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7
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

Strong membrane of dense fibrous tissue covering a long bone (except at joints).

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8
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity in long bones.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of flat bones.

A
  • Simpler structure than long bones
  • layer of cancellous bone between out layers of compact bone
  • cancellous layer called diploe
  • ex. sternum, ribs, many skull bones
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10
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A
  • Spongy bone
  • contains many spaces
  • cavities filled with red or yellow marrow
  • beams that form the lattice are called trabeculae
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11
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Forms the hard, dense outer layer of bones throughout the body. Compact bone functions primarily to provide strength and protection to bones.

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12
Q

What is an osteon?

A
  • also called haversian systems
  • the cylindrical, functional units of bone
  • each circular and tubelike osteon is composed to calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers (like the rings of an onion)
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13
Q

What is a concentric lamella?

A

The circular rings of an osteon that surround the central canal.

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14
Q

What is the central canal?

A
  • Surrounded by the circular lamellae
  • contains blood vessels
  • central canals connected by transverse canals
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15
Q

What is an osteocyte?

A
  • Mature bone cells
  • Lie between the hard layers of the lamellae in little spaces called lacunae
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16
Q

What is a canaliculi?

A

Tiny passage ways that connect the lacunae with one another and with the central canal.

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17
Q

What is a lacunae?

A

A space, or cavity in bone. Holds osteocytes.

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18
Q

Describe the structure of cartilage tissue.

A
  • cartilage is made up of specialized cells called chondrocytes
  • chondrocytes produce large amounts of extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibers, proteoglycan, and elastin fibers
    -there are no blood vessels in cartilage to supply the chondrocytes with nutrients
  • because of lack of blood vessels, cartilage rebuilds itself very slowly after injury
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19
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

Bone forming cells.

20
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

Bone reabsorbing cells.

21
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

The process by which growing cartilage is systematically replaced by bone to form the growing skeleton.

22
Q

What is an epiphyseal plate?

A

A hyaline cartilage plate in the metaphysis at each end of a long bone. The plate is found in children and adolescents; in adults, who have stopped growing, the plate is replaced by an epiphyseal line.

23
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

The direct deposition of bone on thin layers of connective tissue and is characteristic of the bones on the top of the skull.

24
Q

What bones form the cranium?

A
  • Frontal (forehead)
  • Parietal (bulging topsides)
  • Temporal (posterior sides)
  • Occipital (back of skull where spinal cord enters)
  • Sphenoid (central part of floor of cranium; location of pituitary)
  • Ethmoid (complicated bone that helps form floor of cranium, side walls and roof or nose and part of its middle partition)
25
What bones form the face?
- Nasal (small bones that form upper part of bridge of nose) - Maxilla (upper jaw bones) - Zygomatic (cheek bones) - Mandible (lower jaw bone) - Lacrimal (small bones; help form medial wall of eye socket and side wall of nasal cavity_ - Palatine (posterior roof of mouth and floor and side walls of nose and part of floor or orbit) - Inferior nasal concha (form curved "ledge" along inside of side wall of nose) - Vomer (posterior nasal septum)
26
What bones form the middle ear?
- Malleus (hammer shape) - Incus (anvil shape) - Stapes ( stirrup shape)
27
Where is the hyoid bone?
- u-shaped bone in neck - not joined to any other bone - serves as an anchor for tongue muscles
28
What are sinuses?
Spaces or cavities inside some of the cranial bones.
29
What are the four pairs of sinuses?
- Frontal - Maxilla - Sphenoid - Ethmoid
30
Where is the lambdoidal suture?
Joins posterior margins of parietal bones to the occipital bone.
31
Where are the squamous sutures?
Joins parietal bone to temporal bone and sphenoid bone.
32
Where is the coronal suture?
Joins parietal bones with frontal bone.
33
Where is the sagittal suture?
Joins parietal margins to each other.
34
What are fontanels?
A space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed.
35
Name the vertebrae of the spinal column.
- Cervical (7) - Thoracic (12) - Lumbar (5) - Sacrum (5 fused vertebrae) - Coccyx (fused bones)
36
How many ribs are in the body?
- 12 pairs of ribs (true ribs - first 7) (false ribs - 8-10) (floating ribs - 11-12)
37
Name the parts of the sternum.
- Manubrium (breastbone) - Xiphoid process (piece of cartilage at lower end of sternum)
38
Name the bones of the upper extremities.
- Scapula (shoulder blade) - Clavicle (collar bone) - Humerus (long bone of the arm) - Radius and Ulna (bones of the forearm) - Carpals (8) (wrist bones) - Metacarpals (5) (hand bones) - Phalanges (14) (finger bones)
39
Name the bones of the lower extremities.
- Pelvic girdle (connects the legs to the trunk) - Coxal bones (2 large bones that attach to the sacrum) - Femur (thigh bone) - Patella (knee cap) - Tibia - (shinbone) - Fibula (slender, non-weight bearing, fragile leg bone) - Tarsals (14) (form ankle, heel, and posterior) - Metatarsals (10) (foot bones) - Phalanges (28) (toe bones)
40
What are the three kinds of joints?
- Synarthroses - a joint in which no significant movement occurs (such as in the skull) - Amphiarthroses - only slight movement possible (usually made of cartilage, like the vertebral discs) - Diarthroses -allow considerable movement
41
Describe the parts and structure of diarthroses.
- Joint capsule (the body's strongest and toughest material - fibrous connective tissue - and is lined with synovial fluid) - Ligaments (cords or bands of strong, fibrous connective tissue, join bones together) - Articular cartilage (covers the joint ends of bones) - Synovial membrane (lines the joint cavity and secretes a lubricating fluid) - Bursa (pocket of fluid acts as a shock-absorbing cushion around the bones of the joint)
42
What is a ball and socket joint?
A ball-shaped head of one bone fits into a concave socket of another bone (ex. shoulder and hip joints)
43
What is a hinge joint?
Allow movement in two directions; flexion (bending), and extension (straightening) (ex. elbow, knee, fingers)
44
What is a pivot joint?
Permits rotation (ex. head)
45
What is a saddle joint?
Only one pair in the body; between the metacarpal bone of each thumb and a carpal bone of the wrist.
46
What is a gliding joint?
Least moveable diarthrotic joints; flat articulating surfaces (vertebrae)
47
What is a condyloid joint?
A condyle (oval projection) fits into an elliptical socket (ex. the fit of the distal end of the radius into the depressions in the carpal bones)

Body Systems (14 decks)

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