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Sports Unit 1 > skeletal system > Flashcards

skeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

what is kyphosis

A

hunch back

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2
Q

what is scoliosis

A

the abnormal sideways curve of the spine

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3
Q

what is ossification

A

the process of bone growth

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4
Q

what is osteoblasts

A

form bone by secreting collagen

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5
Q

what is osteoclasts

A

the reabsorption of bone matrix

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6
Q

what is the process of ossification

A
  1. osteoblasts increase bone density
  2. micro damage to bone
  3. osteoclasts reabsorb bone matrix
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7
Q

wat are the functions of the skeleton

A

-support and movement
-leverage
weight bearing
- protection
- source of blood cell production
- store of minerals

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8
Q

what is support and movement

A

the skeleton:

  • allows the body to maintain shape
  • allows you to stand straight due to the vertebral column
  • provides framework for muscle attachement
  • allows movement due to muscle attachement
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9
Q

what is leverage

A

the length of our bones determines our height and the amount of leverage the bones can exert. this will impact on our performance in a range of activities

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10
Q

what is weight bearing

A

in order to remain in a straight structure, the bones of the pelvis and leg are strong and thick so they can take the weight of the entire skeleton

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11
Q

what is protection

A

vital organs are protected from damage due to their position in relation to the bones of the skeleton, eg. cranium protects the brain, vertebrae protect the spinal cord

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12
Q

what is source of blood cell production

A

following blood cells develop in the bone marrow:
red blood cells- important as they carry oxygen to the muscles
white blood cells- important as they fight infection to keep the performer healthy.

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13
Q

what is store of minerals

A

the bone matrix stores:
-calcium, needed for muscle contraction and bone repair
-phosphorus, too little can cause muscle fatigue and joint pain.
bone marrow stores iron, needed for red blood cell formation

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of a long bone

A

longer than wide

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15
Q

what are the characteristics of a short bone

A

short and compact

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16
Q

what are the characteristics of a flat bone

A

broad, flat and normally thin bones

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17
Q

what are the characteristics of a sesamoid bone

A

held within tendons, covered in cartilage

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18
Q

what are the characteristics of an irregular bone

A

irregular shape

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19
Q

what is the function of a long bone

A
  • source of red blood cell production
  • enables large movements, allowing increased speed or a range in which an object can be moved
  • act as levers to generate more force on an object
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20
Q

what is the function of a short bone

A
  • increase stability and reduce unwanted movement
  • weight bearing and helps the body remain balanced
  • shock absorber
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21
Q

what is the function of a sesamoid bone

A
  • eases joint movement by adding more fluid

- resists friction so movement is not slowed down

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22
Q

what is the function of a flat bone

A
  • protects vital organs to reduce injury
  • enables muscle attachment to create movement
  • produces blood cells in adults
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23
Q

what is an example of a flat bone

A

pelvis, sternum and ribs

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24
Q

wat is an example of a short bone

A

carpal and tarsal

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25
Q

what is an example of a long bone

A

femur, ulna and phalanges

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26
Q

what is an example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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27
Q

what is an example of an irregular bone

A

vertebrae

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28
Q

what are bone types

A 
long
short
flat
sesamoid
irregular
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29
Q

what are the types of joints

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

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30
Q

what is a fibrous joint

A

joints that are fixed and allow no movement

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31
Q

what is an example of a fibrous joint

A

sacrum, coccyx and cranium

32
Q

what is a cartilaginous joint

A

joints that are slightly moveable

33
Q

what is an example of a cartilaginous joint

A

between the vertebrae

34
Q

what is a synovial joint

A

freely moveable joints, the shape of the joint determines the range of movement

35
Q

what are the 6 types of synovial joints

A 
-condyloid
saddle
pivot
hinge
gliding
ball and socket
36
Q

what is a condyloid joint

A

joint allows movement in two planes

allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and circumduction

37
Q

what is a pivot joint

A

joint at the elbow and between first 2 vertebrae

allows twisting or rotation

38
Q

what is a gliding joint

A

formed between bones of the wrist and foot

glide over each other to allow sliding or twisting

39
Q

what is a saddle joint

A

formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the thumbs

allow flexion, abduction, adduction, extension and circumduction

40
Q

what is a ball and socket joint

A

give greatest movement at the hip and shoulder

allows flexion, extension, adduction, abduction and rotation

41
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

allow flexion and extension at the knee, elbow and ankle

42
Q

what is an example of a pivot joint

A

formed at the first and second vertebrae at the neck and allows someone to tilt their head

43
Q

what is an example of a hinge joint

A

formed between the radius and ulna at the elbow to allow players to bend their arm

44
Q

what is an example of a condyloid joint

A

formed at the carpals at the wrist o allow people to put their hand flat

45
Q

what is an example of a ball and socket

A

formed between the femur and pelvis at the hip to allow movement of the hip

46
Q

what is an example of a saddle joint

A

formed between the carpals and metacarpals at the thumb and wrist

47
Q

what is an example of a gliding joint

A

formed between the tarsals and metatarsals of the foot to increase the flexibility of the foot

48
Q

what are the components of a synovial joint

A 
muscle
bursa
synovial fluid
joint capsule
tendon
bone
articular cartilage
synovial membrane
ligament
49
Q

what is articular cartilage

A

a shiny, elastic material which is designed to reduce friction and absorb shock

50
Q

what is a ligament

A

connects bone to bone, holding the bones in the correct position and stabilising the joint

51
Q

what is a synovial membrane

A

secretes synovial fluid

52
Q

what is the bursa

A

reduce mechanical friction in the joint. they act as a cushion between bone and another part of the joint eg tendons or muscles

53
Q

what is a joint capsule

A

surrounds the synovial joint.
attached to the outer layer of the bones forming the joint.
seals the joint and provides stability to the joint

54
Q

what is synovial fluid

A

lubricates ad reduces friction in the joint
supplies nutrients to the joint
removes waste products from the joint

55
Q

what is a tendon

A

attaches the muscle to bone

56
Q

what is flexion

A

reducing the angle of the boned forming the joint

57
Q

what is extension

A

the angle between the bones at the joint increases and the arm is returned to anatomical position (normal position)

58
Q

what is plantarflexion

A

when the toes are pointed towards the ground

59
Q

what is dorsiflexion

A

the toes are pointed towards the lower leg

60
Q

what is lateral movement

A

sideways movement

61
Q

what is abduction

A

moving the arms and legs away from the midline of the body

62
Q

what is adduction

A

bringing the arms and legs towards the midline of the body

63
Q

what is horizontal adduction

A

horizontal movement towards the midline

64
Q

what is horizontal abduction

A

horizontal movement away from the midline

65
Q

what is horizontal flexion

A

the arms are moved towards the midline

66
Q

what is horizontal extension

A

the arms are moved away from the midline

67
Q

what is hyperextension

A

a contunation of the movement of the spine moving backwards

68
Q

what is lateral flexion

A

movement away from the midline of the body so the body moves from ide to side
eg the neck moving side to side

69
Q

what is circumduction

A

the circular movement

70
Q

what is rotation

A

circular movement that occurs at the hip

71
Q

what are responses of exercise on the skeletal system

A
  • stimulates increase in mineral uptake in the bone

- stimulates production of collagen due to increased stress on bones as a result of exercise

72
Q

what are responses of exercise on the skeltal system within the joint

A

increased range of movement due to
-reduction in viscosity of the synovial fluid
-increased pliability of the ligaments
increased production of synovial fluid to ensure the articular cartilage doesnt dry out

73
Q

what are the adaption of the skeletal system

A
  • increased bone density and strength due to increased mineral content and bone cell activity so the bones are less likely to break or fracture
  • increased ligament strength reduce the risk of dislocation at a joint
  • increased thickness of articular cartilage protects the end of the bones from wear and tear
74
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

causes the articular cartilage to thin, which will cause pain and lack of mobility at the joint. this would make it difficult to continue exercise

75
Q

what is rheumatoid arthritis

A

causes inflammation of the joints so they become painful and swollen, synovial membrane of the joint becomes inflamed due to the build up of fluid.

76
Q

what is osteoporosis

A

reduction in bone density, it can be caused by lack of calcium and vitamin D

Sports Unit 1 (6 decks)

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