Skeletal System For Lab Practical Flashcards
(87 cards)
1
Q
Osteology
A
The study of bones
2
Q
Arthrology
A
The study of joints
3
Q
What makes up the skeleton?
A
Bones and joints are the organs that form the skeleton
4
Q
What is bone composed of?
A
Compact bone, spongy bone tissue, cartilage, various forms of loose and dense connective tissues, blood vessels and nerves.
5
Q
Surface Features of bones: Types of depressions and openings
A
Fissure
Foremen
Fossa
Groove/Sulcus
Meatus
Sinus
6
Q
What is a fissure? Example of one?
A
Narrow crevasse, ex: Superior Orbital Fissure
(A type of depression or opening)
7
Q
What is a foramen? Example?
A
Round or oval opening, ex: Foramen Magnum
(A type of depression or opening)
8
Q
What is a fossa? Example?
A
Shallow depression, ex: Iliac fossa
(A type of depression or opening)
9
Q
What is a groove/Sulcus? Example?
A
Narrow Depression, ex: Intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)
(A type of depression or opening)
10
Q
What is Meatus? Example?
A
Penetrating hole or tunnel, ex: External Auditory Meatus
(A type of depression or opening)
11
Q
What is a Sinus? Example?
A
Air-filled cavity, ex: Maxillary sinus
(A type of depression or opening)
12
Q
Surface Features, Projections for articulation:
A
Condyle
Facet
Head
13
Q
What is a condyle? Example?
A
Rounded articulate process, ex: Femoral condyle
(A type of projection for articulation)
14
Q
What is a facet? Example?
A
Smooth, flat articulate surface, ex: Vertebral articulate facet
(A type of projection for articulation)
15
Q
What is a head? Example?
A
Rounded epiphysis, ex: Head of humerus
(A type of projection for articulation)
16
Q
Surface Features, Projections for attachment:
A
Crest
Epicondyle
Spine
Trochanter
Tubercle
Tuberosity
Spinous Process
Transverse Process
17
Q
What is a Crest? Example?
A
Prominent narrow ridge, ex: Iliac Crest
(A type of projection for attachment)
18
Q
What is an epicondyle? Example?
A
An elevated rough area, on or above the condyle, ex: Medial epicondyle of Humerus
(A type of projection for attachment)
19
Q
What is a Spine? Example?
A
A sharp, narrow, usually pointed projection, ex: Ischial Spine
(A type of projection for attachment)
20
Q
What is a trochanter? Example?
A
A Large, blunt process (Femur Only), ex: Greater Trochanter of Femur
(A type of projection for attachment)
21
Q
What is a tubercle? Example?
A
A small rounded process, ex: Greater tubercle of Humerus
(A type of projection for attachment)
22
Q
What is a tuberosity? Example?
A
A large rounded or roughened process, ex: Tibial tuberosity
(A type of projection for attachment)
23
Q
What is a spinous process? Example?
A
A Single pointed, posterior projection, ex: Vertebrae ONLY
24
Q
What is a transverse process? Example?
A
Paired lateral projections, ex: Vertebrae ONLY
25
What two main divisions is the skeleton divided into?
Axial Skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton
26
Describe the Axial Skeleton
-80 bones that lie along the vertical, midline, or longitudinal planes of the body.
-It supports and protects the organs of the head, neck, vertebral column, and thorax.
27
What bones are included in the axial skeleton?
-Bones of the skull (Cranium) and the face
-Auditory ossicles
-Hyoid bone
-Vertebral Column
-Sternum
-Ribs
28
Describe the appendicular skeleton
-Contains 126 bones associated with upper and lower limbs with their corresponding limb girdles (pectoral and pelvic)
29
What bones are included in the Appendicular Skeleton?
-Scapula
-Clavicle
-Humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
-Carpals
-Metacarpals
-Os Coxa
-Femur
-Patella
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Tarsals
-Metatarsals
-Phalanges
30
What does the skull consist of?
The cranium, which houses the brain and the facial bones that support anterior structure of the head.
The flat bones of the cranium are joined by narrow, immovable articulations known as sutures.
31
What are the cranial bones and how many of each type are there?
-Frontal bone (x1)
-Parietal bones (x2)
-Temporal bones (x2)
-Occipital bone (x1)
-Sphenoid bone (x1)
-Ethmoid bone (x1)
32
Describe the frontal bone and a specific features to identify it.
Large, flat, anterior bone
*Supraorbital Margin: Thickenings of the frontal bone superior to each orbit
33
Describe the Parietal Bones
Flat bones forming the superior lateral walls of the cranium
34
Describe the Temporal bones and Specific features to identify them with (4 Features)
Form the inferior lateral walls of the cranium
*Mastoid Process: A rounded projection at the inferior surface that serves as attachment for muscles
*External Auditory (Acoustic) Meatus: The cave like tube through the temporal bone that creates the ear canal
*Mandibular fossa: A depression of the inferior surface that receives the condylar process of the mandible
*Zygomatic Process: A slender projection forming part of the cheekbone, which articulates with the zygomatic bone.
35
Describe the Occipital Bone and specific features (2) to identify it with
Flat, posterior bone that also wraps underneath the cranium.
*Foramen Magnum: The large opening that allows the spinal cord to connect to the lower brain.
*Occipital Condyles: Two rounded processes on opposing sides of the foramen magnum that articulate with the atlas (C1) vertebra.
36
Describe the Sphenoid bone and (2) Specific Features to identify it with
Bat shaped, mostly interior bone
*Optic Foramina: Round openings for Cranial Nerve II (Optic Nerve)
*Sella Turcica: A Saddle-like fossa that supports the pituitary gland.
37
Describe the Ethmoid bone and (2) specific features to identify it with
Small, mostly internal bone, lying anterior to the Sphenoid bone.
*Crista Galli: A narrow ridge on the superior surface that serves as an attachment for brain membranes.
*Perpendicular plate: A Flat, inferior projection forming the superior part of the nasal septum.
38
What bones does the Coronal Suture separate?
Between the frontal and parietal bones
39
What bones does the Sagittal suture separate?
The two Parietal Bones
40
What bones does the Lambdoid suture separate?
The Parietal Bones and the Occipital Bone.
41
What bones does the Squamous suture separate?
Between the temporal and parietal bones
42
What are the facial bones and how many are there of each type?
-Nasal bones (x2)
-Maxillary bones (Maxillae) (x2)
-Palatine bones (x2)
-Zygomatic Bones (x2)
-Mandible (x1)
-Lacrimal bones (x2)
-Vomer (x1)
-Inferior Nasal Conchae (x2)
43
What do the nasal bones do?
They form the bridge of the nose
44
What do the maxillary bones (Maxillae) form and what is a specific feature to identify them?
They form the upper jaw and anterior hard palate
*Palatine process: Flat surfaces forming the anterior part of the hard palate which fuse in the center. A cleft palate occurs when the maxillae do not fuse completely.
45
What do the Palatine bones (x2) form?
They form the posterior hard palate.
46
What do the Zygomatic bones form?
They form the cheekbones
47
What does the mandible form, and what are specific features to identify it?
The lower jaw
*Mandibular Condyles: rounded projections on the superior part of the ramus which articulate with the Mandibular fossa of the temporal bone.
48
Describe the two lacrimal bones
Tiny bones in the medial orbit of the eye
49
Where is the Vomer/What does it form?
Forms part of the floor and septum of the nasal cavity
50
Where are the inferior nasal conchae?
They project from the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
51
What are the Auditory Ossicles and how many of each are there?
Malleus(x2) Incus (x2) and Stapes (x2), 6 total. They are located within the auditory Meatus of the temporal bone, necessary for the conduction of sound impulses.
52
Describe the hyoid bone
Not actually articulated with the axial skeleton but suspended by ligaments and muscles in the anterior neck region.
53
What five regions is the vertebral column divided into?
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal
54
How many Vertebrae in the Cervical Region?
7 vertebrae in the Cervical Region
(“Students eat breakfast at 7…)
55
How many vertebrae in the Thoracic region?
There are 12 vertebrae in the Thoracic Region.
(“…Lunch at 12…)
56
How many vertebrae in the Lumbar region?
There are 5 Vertebrae in the Lumbar Region
(…and Dinner at 5.”)
57
What does the vertebral column do?
It protects the spinal cord and provides attachment sites for muscles of the back.
It includes a vertebral (spinal) canal, and INTERvertebral foramina which transmit spinal nerves.
58
How do vertebrae articulate with each other?
Each Superior vertebra articulates with an inferior vertebra at three articulation points-
Two posterior facet joints, and one anterior cartilaginous joint called an INTERvertebral disc.
59
What are the 8 common features of a typical vertebra?
-Body
-Pedicle
-Lamina
-Transverse Process (TP)
-Spinous Process (SP)
-Vertebral Arch
-Vertebral Foramen
-Articular processes
60
What is the Body of a Vertebra
Central rounded part located anteriorly
61
What is the Pedicle of the Vertebra
The foot piece, attaching to both sides of the body
62
What is the Lamina of the vertebra
A plate that connects a Pedicle to the spinous process
63
What is the transverse process of a vertebra?
Two lateral projections, one from each Pedicle
64
What is the Spinous process of a vertebra?
A single posterior projection from the laminae
65
How is the vertebral arch formed?
An arch formed by the fusion of the Pedicle s and Lamina
66
What is the vertebral foramen?
A large opening between the body and vertebral arch that surrounds the spinal cord.
67
What are the articular processes of a vertebra?
Two superior and two inferior processes, each with a smooth articular facet, that articulate with adjacent vertebrae to form the facet joints.
68
Is the pectoral girdle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
The pectoral girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton
69
What bones make up the pectoral girdle?
an anterior clavicle and a posterior scapula
70
Is the pelvic girdle part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
The pelvic girdle is part of the appendicular skeleton
71
What bones make up the pelvic girdle?
The Os Coxae
72
Are the upper limbs part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
The upper limbs are part of the appendicular skeleton
73
What bones make up the upper limbs?
-Humerus
-Radius
-Ulna
-Carpals
-Metacarpals
-Phalanges
74
Are the lower limbs part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
The lower limbs are part of the appendicular skeleton
75
What bones make up the lower limbs?
-Femur
-Patella
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Tarsals
-Metatarsals
-Phalanges
76
Describe the clavicle and its two specific features that identify it
A slender double curved (S shaped) bone that attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton.
*Sternal end: the blunt medial extremity, which articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.
*Acromial end: The slightly flattened lateral extremity which articulates with the acromion of the scapula.
77
Describe the scapula and its 7 specific features that help identify it.
A flat triangular bone with projections for muscle attachment.
*Spine: The narrow ridge on the POSTERIOR side.
*Acromion (acromial process): A flattened, prominent process at the LATERAL end of the spine
*Coracoid process: A beak like process SUPERIOR and MEDIAL to the glenoid cavity
*Glenoid cavity (Glenoid fossa): A shallow depression INFERIOR to the acromion, which articulates with the head of the humerus
*Supraspinous Fossa: A depression SUPERIOR to the spine
*Infraspinous fossa: A depression INFERIOR to the spine
*Subscapular fossa: The large, slightly depressed ANTERIOR surface
78
Describe the Humerus and the 8 Specific Features that identify it.
The long bone of the brachium (arm). It has a proximal end and a flared distal end.
*Head: The rounded PROXIMAL end.
*Greater Tubercle: A prominent LATERAL projection, DISTAL to the head.
*Lesser Tubercle: A smaller MEDIAL projection
*Intertubercular (bicipital) groove: A narrow channel between the two tubercles for the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle.
*Deltoid tuberosity: A roughened area near the midpoint of the shaft, which provides attachment for the large deltoid muscle of the shoulder.
*Medial Epicondyle: A knoblike projection on the MEDIAL side of the DISTAL end for forearm muscle attachment.
*Lateral Epicondyle: A small knoblike projection on the LATERAL side of the DISTAL epiphysis for forearm muscle attachment.
*Olecranon Fossa: A shallow depression on the POSTERIOR surface of the DISTAL end, for the olecranon process of the Ulna.
79
Describe the Radius and 3 Specific features to identify it
The lateral bone of the forearm, It is in line with the thumb, the radius articulates with the humerus and ulna at its proximal end, and with the ulna and carpals at its distal end.
*Head: The disc shaped proximal extremity, which articulates with the ulna to allow for the motions of pronation and supination.
*Radial Tuberosity: A roughened surface just distal to the head on the medial side of the shaft, to which the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle attaches.
* Ulnar notch: A small indentation at the medial side of the distal end that articulates with the ulna.
80
Describe the Ulna and 4 Specific Features to identify it
The medial bone of the forearm (antebrachium), it includes a proximal prominence that forms the point of the elbow.
*Olecranon process: A prominent curved projection on the proximal end, which articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus to form the bony elbow.
*Coronoid process: A smaller curved projection on the anterior side of the proximal end, distal to the olecranon process.
*Trochlear notch: A prominent depression between the olecranon process and the coronoid process, which articulates with the distal end of the humerus.
*Styloid process: A pointed projection at the distal epiphysis.
81
Describe the carpals, what are their names?
8 short bones in each hand that form the wrist or ‘carpus’.
The four bones of the proximal row, lateral to medial: Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum, and Pisiform.
In the distal row of bones from Lateral to medial: Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate and Hamate.
“Some Lovers Try Positions That They Can’t Handle” 1st letter of each carpal.
82
Describe the metacarpals and their two specific features.
The five bones found supporting the palm (metacarpus)of each hand, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial.
*Each metacarpal has a BASE which articulates with the carpal of the wrist, and a HEAD which articulates with a Phalanx (digit) distally. In a clenched fist the head of the metacarpals form the knuckles.
83
Describe the Phalanges and the three specific features to identify them.
Each hand contains 14 bones of the digits or fingers, numbered 1-5 from lateral (thumb side) to medial.
*Each digit contains three phalanges, a PROXIMAL, MIDDLE and DISTAL phalanx, except the thumb (polled) which has only two phalanges, PROXIMAL and DISTAL.
84
Describe the Os Coxae and 2 Specific Features to identify them
There are 2, they are the large bones of the pelvis, (they form the Pelvic Girdle) each formed by the fusion of an Ilium, ischium and pubis.
*Acetabulum: The cup like fossa for the head of the femur, forming the hip joint.
*Obturator Foramen: The large opening at the anterior inferior coxae.
85
Describe the Ilium, and 5 Specific Features to identify it.
There are 2, they are the largest and most superior of the three bones of the Os Coxa.
*Iliac crest: The superior border of the ilium.
*Anterior Superior Iliac Spine: a small projection at the anterior end of the iliac crest
*Posterior Superior Iliac Spine: A small projection at the posterior end of the iliac crest
*Greater sciatic notch: A large indentation on the posterior side
*Iliac fossa: A shallow depression on the anterior surface of the ilium.
86
Describe the Ischium and 2 specific features to identify it
There are two, the inferior and posterior part of the coral bone.
*Ischial tuberosity: A roughened projection on the posterior and inferior margin, it receives the weight of the body when sitting and allows for the attachment of the hamstring muscles.
*Ischial spine: A posterior pointed projection superior to the Ischial tuberosity.
87
Describe the pubis and the 1 specific feature to identify it.
There are two, the most anterior of the Coxal bone.
*Pubic symphysis: A slightly flexible joint where the two pubis bones meet.
