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Skeletal System Foundations Flashcards

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1
Q

Bone is a dynamic organ

A

dynamic → changes throughout life

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2
Q

osseous tissue

A

mineralized connective tissue

  • 1 of the 5 major types of mature CT
  • cells and extracellular matrix (CT → large amount of extracellular matrix, widely dispersed cells)
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3
Q

different components of extracellular matrix: organic

A

collagen → tensile strength
- not stiff → flexible to withstand force

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4
Q

different components of extracellular matrix: inorganic

A

calcified minerals/salts
- hardness → support/protection
organic/inorganic are hard → unique compared to other connective tissues

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5
Q

tensile strength

A

maximum strength that a structure can withstand while being stretched or pulled
- collagen - cartilage, tendons, ligaments

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6
Q

compression strength

A

maximum strength that a structure can withstand while being crushed/compressed/squeezed

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7
Q

shear(ing) strength

A

maximum strength that a structure can withstand while being pushed in opposite directions

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8
Q

cartilage

A

mostly hyaline cartilage

huge role in MSK:

  • bone ossification: bone formation – cartilage model first
  • joints: cartilage = connective tissue joining bones
  • cartilage will cover ends of long bones → shock absorption, protection
  • synovial joints: shoulder, elbow, hip, knee, …

cartilage → mostly AVASCULAR

  • no/poor blood supply
  • compared to most of skeletal system which has rich vascular supply
  • healing implication: cartilage doesn’t heal as well as bony tissue - no O2 or nutrients reaching
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9
Q

dense connective tissue

A

microscopically appear denser → higher frequency of tightly packed fibers

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10
Q

Dense CT: periosteum, ligaments, tendons

A

periosteum: surrounds bone → tethered by fibers
* dense irregular CT
ligaments: bone to bone/tendons: muscle to bone

  • send fibers into matrix of bone - close connections
  • dense regular CT
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11
Q

marrow

A

soft pulpy tissue, housed in hollow spaces within bony tissue

2 types:

1) red marrow → found throughout skeleton in fetus + first year
- hemopoietic - blood forming
2) yellow marrow → framework of CT - supports numerous blood vessels and cells
- hollow portions of shafts/bodies of long bones
- adipocytes: fat forming

Yellow marrow gradually replaces most red marrow

-EXCEPT: vertebrae, sternum, ribs, clavicles, scapula, hip bones, proximal ends (epiphysis) of long bones - humerus/femur

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12
Q

neurovasculature

A

** vital to function of body

arteries

– blood vessel → carry (OXYGENATED) blood away from the heart to tissues

veins

– blood vessel → conveys (DEOXYGENATED) blood from tissues back to the heart

nerves

– bundle of axons bundled together outside of CNS

– communication with CNS

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13
Q

axial skeleton

A

80 bones associated

bones that lie around longitudinal axis

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14
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

126 bones associated

appendages

– girdles, upper limb, hands, lower limb, feet

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15
Q

parts of a long bone

A

diaphysis, epiphyses, metaphyses, epiphyseal plate, articular cartilage, periosteum, medullary cavity, endosteum

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16
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft, body

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17
Q

epiphyses

A

typically, proximal/distal ends of bones

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18
Q

metaphyses

A

meta = between

regions between epiphyses & diaphysis

composition differs widely between age in terms of individuals

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19
Q

epiphyseal plate (growth plate)

A

hyaline cartilage – attaching epiphysis to diaphysis

synchondrosis → cartilaginous joint

allows diaphysis to grow in length – cartilage grows and is replaced by bone

replaced with epiphyseal line

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20
Q

articular cartilage

A

– thin layer of hyaline cartilage

– located on epiphysis (formation of synovial joints)

** not associated with bone growth → associated with synovial joints - added layer of shock absorption/protection

– lacks blood vessels: avascular → damage = slow to heal (ex: osteoarthritis)

– remnant of endochondral ossification → major means through which bones develop in a cartilage model

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21
Q

periosteum

A

peri = around

surrounds bone’s outer surface (except where articular cartilage is located → where tendons/ligaments are going to insert)

– outer fibrous layer → dense irregular CT

– inner osteogenic layer → cellular; appositional growth (outside of bone/width)

– attached to bone → send fibers to interweave with matrix of bone

– gives bone shiny appearance

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22
Q

medullary cavity

A

medulla = marrow

contains yellow bone marrow and blood vessels

– triglyceride storage

– neurovasculature – travel throughout bone

– reduces weight of bone → if area was filled in with compact bone it would be heavier - affect movement & energy consumption

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23
Q

endosteum

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A

endo = within

membrane/layer of cells and small amount of CT lining medullary cavity or trabeculae

24
Q

osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor stem cells)

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A

derived from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue by which all CT forms)

cell division – only bone cells capable of cell division – these cells become osteoblasts → when begin to secrete extracellular matrix

located:

– deep side of periosteum

– endosteum

– neurovascular canals

25
osteoblasts
bone-building cells (osteo**_b**_lasts _**b_**uild) synthesize & secrete collagen fibers/organic components → initiates calcification – hardening of bone become osteocytes when done secreting
26
history of osseous tissue – extracellular matrix
material located between cells – surrounds widely separated cells ~15% water ~30% collagen fibers (*organic* material) ~55% crystallized mineral salts (*inorganic* material)
27
mineral salts
1. calcium phosphate → most abundant 2. calcium hydroxide ↓ hydroxyapatite – combine with other mineral salts + ions that will be deposited within organic framework of collagen fibers – inorganic material will harden eventually → hardness associated with bone \*\* have to have both organic and inorganic materials for process of calcification to occur
28
histology of osseous tissue
hardness = crystallized inorganic tissue flexbility = collagen fiber – tensile strength → resistance of being stretched/torn apart \*\* need balance of organic and inorganic materials for properly functioning bone
29
osteocytes
cytes = cells mature bone cells maintain daily metabolism of bone trapped in extracellular matrix but not dead → passing nutrients, chemical signals via gap junctions + metabolic waste to nearest blood vessel for disposal – strain sensor: mechanosensor that allows control of adaptive responses to mechanical loading on bone → too much/not enough stress on a bone: utilize hormonal/mechanical signals in bone mass regulation
30
osteoclasts
clast = break osteo**_c**_lasts _**c_**onsume bone → break down extracellular matrix (resorption) – daily maintance derived from fusion of a type of WBC (monocytes) – ruffled border → bone facing – deeply folded plasma membrane - releases powerful lysosomal enzymes & acids → break down extracellular matrix of bone – increasing blood calcium when needed
31
cells present in osseous tissue
32
compact bone
stregnth in bending forms external layer of all bones & bulk of diaphyses **cortical** & **dense**
33
spongy bone
strength in compression – resist stress contains larger spaces forms majority of short, flat, & irregular bones → epiphyses **trabecular**, **cancellous**
34
compact bone - osteons (Haversian systems)
dynamic structural units aligned in same direction along lines of stress (longitudinal axis) lines of stress are dynamic → learning to walk → weight training
35
compact bone - concentric lamellae
circular plates of mineralized/calcified extracellular matrix surrounds central canal: neurovasculature & lymphatics → get to deeper parts of bone & innervate
36
compact bone - perforating [Volkmann's] canals
transverse canals neurovasculature from the periosteum → central to function
37
compact bone - circumferential lamellae
external (outer) & internal (inner) circumference – external is attached to periosteum via perferoating [sharpey's] fibers → interweave the fibers associated with ligaments & tendons - musculoskeletal unit important in appositional growth → growth of outer surface/bone width growth
38
spongy bone
consists of trabeculae (=little beams) oriented along lines of stress - often coming from multiple directions – not arranged in osteons but contain many components found in osteons → concentric lamellae; osteocytes – contain larger spaces → filled with bone marrow - rich vascular supply
39
bone formation
around 6th week of embryonic development in utero mesenchymal ‘skeleton’ → embryonic tissue - CT derived from it
40
2 types of ossification
**intramembranous ossification** intra = within; membran = membrane within mesenchymal ‘skeleton’ → bone directly replaces mesenchymal skeleton **endochondral ossification** endo = within; chondral = cartilage mesenchymal ‘skeleton’ → cartilage model → bone
41
what is the difference between ossification & calcification?
_ossification_: process by which bone forms in 4 situations: 1) initial formation of bone; 2) growth of bone during juvenile/adolescent period; 3) remodeling of bone; 4) repair of bone _calcification_: osteoblasts will lay down organic materials of extracellular matrix which will initiate calcification [= tissue hardening] → process within ossification
42
intramembranous ossification
forms: – flat bones of skull (fontanels) – most of facial bones – mandible – medial part of clavicle \*\* also important in bone widening and thickening (bone remodeling) throughout life → depositing new tissue on the bony surface even past age bones can no longer grow in length
43
endochondral ossification
most bones of body form this way initially – stops after skeletal maturity → bone formation during adulthood (width) - intramembranous more complex than intramembranous ossification
44
endochondral ossification - cartilage model
chondroblasts hyaline cartilage – producing cartilage interstitial & appositional growth
45
interstitial vs appositional growth
**interstitial** growth → cartilage – growth from within – typically increase in length **appositional** growth → cartilage & bone – growth of outer surface - deposition of tissue – typically increase in width (thickness) – bony appositional growth occurs by intramembranous ossification at bone surface
46
bone remodeling
natural process → repairs microfractures, reshaping bone in response to use/disuse, releasing minerals into blood as needed – health if balance balance between osteoblasts (bone builder) and osteoclasts (bone resorption) – bone deposition & bone resorption
47
factors that affect bone: minerals
varying levels of – calcium } vital in extracellular matrix calcification – phosphorous } stored within bone ⇢ release: increased bone calcium – magesium, fluoride, manganese ⇢ smaller roles in strengthening or forming extracellular matrix
48
factors that affect bone: vitamins
vitamin C: presence important in collagen synthesis (organic material) vitamin D: production of active form of vit D (calcitriol) is complex ⇢ involves integumentary system, liver, kidneys – calcitriol increases absorption of calcium ⇢ increase blood calcium levels
49
factors that affect bone: hormones
**calcitonin** (CT): inhibits bone resorption – endocrine thyroid gland – inhibit osteoclasts from breaking down bone and releasing calcium into bloodstream ⇢ decrease blood calcium **parathyroid hormone** (PTH): promotes bone resorption – parathyroid gland – inhibit osteoblast collagen synthesis, inhibit bone deopsition⇢ increase blood calcium **sex hormones** (ex: estrogen, testosterone): big role in bone length growth – bone remodeling – estrogen + testosterone can both stimulate osteoblasts **human growth hormone** (hGH): general growth of all body tissues (including bone) – secreted by pituitary gland \*\* exercise: weight-bearing activity can stimulate osteoblasts; bone remodeling
50
fractures - open vs closed
open: compound – breaks through skin – generally more emergent closed: simple – does not break through skin
51
fractures - comminuted; impacted; greenstick
comminuted: ‘shattered’ – com = together; minuted = crumbled impacted: fragmented bone forcefully driven into other fragmented part greenstick: partial fracture – juveniles ⇢ bones not fully formed/calcified – contain more organic material
52
repair of bone fractures
1. formation of fracture hematoma 1. formation of fibrocartilaginouos callus 2. formation of bony callus 3. remodeling of bone
53
treatments for fractures
\*\* depends on location & age – reduction: ‘setting a fracture’ ⇢ realign – closed reduction ⇢ fractured ends aligned by manual manipulation – skin intact – open reduction ⇢ fractured ends aligned by surgical intervention
54
osseous tissue: aging
\*\* rates change: decrease in sex hormones; osteoclast activity outpaces osteoblasts 2 main effects on osseous tissue with aging: * loss of bone mass ⇢ demineralization – loss of calcium/mineral levels * brittleness ⇢ production of collagen slows
55
osteoporosis
overly porous bone – por = passageway; osis = condition bone resorption at higher pace than bone deposition – affects spongy bone more than compact bone ⇢ spongy – more metabolically active, more surface area exposed to osteoclasts
56
osteoporosis symptoms
* bone pain * fractures * shrinkage of vertebrae ⇢ cascade of microfracture in vertebral body common in * vertebral bodies * distal ends of radius * proximal end of femur * wrist/hip
57
osteoporosis indicence
higher incidence in: * middle-aged and elderly individuals * individuals assigned female at birth ⇢ bones = smaller; estrogen – slow at menopause other risk factors: * family history * ancestry * small body build * inactive lifestyle

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