Skeletal System (Lec) Flashcards by Daniela Calvez

Include the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body or the trunk

Axial Skeleton

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Bones of the limbs and girdles that attach them to the axial skeleton

Appendicular Skeleton

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Dense and looks smooth and homogenous

Compact Bone

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Has a spiky, open appearance like a sponge

Spongy Bone

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typically longer than they are wide

Long Bones

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thin, flattened, and usually curved

Flat Bones

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have shafts with enlarged ends

Long Bones

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have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them

Flat Bones

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contain mostly spongy bone with an outer layer of compact bone

Short bones

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Any bone that does not fit the aforementioned categorizes

Irregular Bones

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cube-shaped bones

Short bones

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What bone classification do sesamoid bone, wrist & ankle bones belong?

Short bones

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What bone classification do most bones of skull, ribs, sternum belong?

Flat bones

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What bone classification does vertebrae belong in?

Irregular bones

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Makes up most of the bone’s length

Diaphysis

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a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the diaphysis

Periosteum

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Aka “Perforating Fibers”

Sharpey’s fibers

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the ends of long bones

Epiphyses

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covers the external surface of the epiphysis

Articular cartilage

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Part of the bone composed of compact bone

Diaphysis

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secure the periosteum to the underlying bone

Sharpey’s Fibers

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consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone

Epiphyses

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remnant of the epiphyseal plate

Epiphyseal line

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a delicate connective tissue that covers the inner bony surface of the shaft

Endosteum

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seen in young, growing bones

Epiphyseal plate

cavity of the shaft

Medullary cavity

in infants, the medullary cavity is a storage of?

Red marrow

The red marrow is gradually replaced by?

Yellow marrow

composed of hyaline cartilage

Articular cartilage

Large, rounded projection, may be roughened

Tuberosity

Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent

Crest

Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process

Trochanter

Narrow ridge of the bone, less prominent than a crest

Line

Small, rounded projection or process

Tubercle

Raised area on or above a condyle

Epicondyle

Sharp, slender, often pointed projection

Spine

Any bony prominence

Process

Bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Head

Smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Facet

Rounded articular projection

Condyle

Armlike bar of bone

Ramus

Furrow

Groove

Narrow, slitlike opening

Fissure

Round or oval opening through a bone

Foramen

Indentation at the edge of a structure

Notch

Canal or tunnel-like passageway

Meatus

Shallow, basinlike depression in a bone, often serving as an articular surface

Fossa

small needle-like pieces of bone that comprises the spongy bone

Trabeculae

Aka “osteon”

Haversian System

spaces filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves

Trabeculae

Structural and functional unit of compact bone

Haversian system

Mature bone cells

Osteocytes

Name the six parts of the Haversian System

Osteocytes Lacunae Lamellae Central Canals Canaliculi Volkmann’s Canal

Aka “Haversian Canal”

Central Canals

Cells responsible for the formation of new bone tissue

Osteoblast

Cells responsible for the resorption of the bone

Osteoclast

Derived from osteoblast

Osteocytes

Living element of the bone

Osteocytes

Primitive connective tissue will be replaced by osteoid matrix

Membranous phase

Aka “cartilaginous phase”

Endochondrial phase

They regulate the flow of minerals into & out the bone

Osteocytes

Stage where osteoclast are activated

Activation

Name the stages of bone remodelling

Activation Resorption Reversal Formation Quiescence

Stage where osteoclast dissolve the bone

Resorption

Stage where new bone tissues are formed

Formation

Stage where osteoblast are recruited

Reversal

Stage where bone undergoes dormancy until the next cycle begins

Quiescence

usually brought about by a lack of calcium in the diet or lack of vitamin D, which is necessary for calcium absorption into the bloodstream

Rickets

Break or discontinuity in a bone

Fractures

the weight-bearing bones of the legs become bowed

Rickets

communication between the bone & the surrounding structures

Open communication

Aka “compound fracture”

Open

Aka “simple fx”

Total discontinuity

Complete

Crack/ avulsed

Incomplete

Name the major events of bone repair

• A hematoma forms • A fibrocartilage callus forms • The bony callus forms • Bone remodeling occurs

Bone breaks into 3 or more fragments

Comminuted

Bone is crushed

Compression

Broken bone portion is pressed inward

Depression

Broken bone ends are forced into each other

Impacted

Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone

Spiral

Bone breaks incompletely

Greenstick

Aka “articulations”

Joints

hold the bones together securely and give the rigid skeleton mobility

Joints

immovable joints

Synarthroses

slightly movable joints

Amphiarthroses

no mobility to very slight mobility

Synarthroses

mobility with stability

Amphiarthroses

freely movable joints

Diarthroses

bones are united by fibrous tissue

Fibrous joints

come in two varieties, which differ in the type of cartilage involved

Cartilaginous joints

immovable joints linked by hyaline cartilage

Synchondroses

amphiarthrotic joints linked by discs of fibrocartilage

Sympheses

are joint in which the articulating bone ends are separated by a joint cavity containing synovial fluid

Synovial joints

Name four synovial joints

Articular cartilage Reinforcing ligaments Articular capsule Joint cavity

Flattened fibrous sacs lines with synovial membrane and containing a thin film of synovial fluid

Bursae

an elongated bursa that wraps completely around a tendon subjected to friction

Tendon sheath

They are common where ligaments, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together

Bursae

articular surfaces are essentially flat

Plane

cylindrical end of one bone fits into a trough-shaped surface on another bone

Hinge joint

only short slipping or gliding movements

Plane joint

Angular movements is allowed in just one plane

Hinge joint

rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of bone uniaxial joints

Pivot joint

egg-shaped articular surface of one bone fits into an oval concavity in another

Condylar joint

each articular surface has both convex and concave areas

Saddle joint

allow the moving bone to travel (1) from side to side and (2) back and forth, but the bone cannot rotate around its long axis

Condylar joint

spherical head of one bone fits into the round socket in another

Ball-and-socket joint

multiaxial joints allow movements in all axes, including rotation

Ball-and-socket joint

Function for support, protection, allow movement, storage, blood cell formation

Bones

Skeletal System (Lec) Flashcards

(109 cards)