Skeleton

Question 1

Functions of the skeleton

Answer 1

~ Support
~ Protection
~ Movement
~ Production of blood cells

Question 2

Structure of the Human Skeleton

Answer 2

It has 206 bones and is divided in two sections ; Axial skeleton and Appendicular skeleton

Question 3

Skull

Answer 3

Fused together

Question 4

Spine

Answer 4

~ Consists of 33 bones called the vertebrae
~ There is a disc of cartilage between each vertebrae

Question 5

Ribcage

Answer 5

Consists of the sternum and 12 pairs of ribs

Question 6

Vertebra

Answer 6

~ Top 24 vertebrae are held together by ligaments and can slightly move
~ The last 9 are fused together and there are no discs between them, no movement occurs here

Question 7

Region and number of vertebrae

Answer 7

~ Cervical = 7
~ Thoracic = 12
~ Lumbar = 5
~ Sacrum = 5
~ Coccyx = 4

Question 8

Parts of appendicular skeleton

Answer 8

~ Pectoral girdle : Connects vertebral column and the arms
~ Pelvic girdle : Composed of two halves of the hip joined to the sacrum

Question 9

Cartilage

Answer 9

~ Function : Shock absorber
~ Made of fibrous protein called collagen
~ Slower to heal than bone
~ No blood vessels or nerves
~ Found in the pinna of the ear, the nose, the trachea, the discs between the vertebrae and it covers the end of bones

Question 10

What is a long bone?

Answer 10

Femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, radius and ulna

Question 11

Parts of the long bone

Answer 11

~ Compact bone
~ Spongy bone
~ Medullary cavity

Question 12

Compact bone

Answer 12

~ Formed from many minerals and proteins
~ Found in the diaphysis (shaft) of the bone
~ Function : Calcium gives strength and protein gives flexibility

Question 13

Spongy bone

Answer 13

~ Consists of red bone marrow
~ Found in the epiphysis (each end) of the bone
~ Gives strength to the skeleton

Question 14

Medullary cavity

Answer 14

Function : Produces yellow bone marrow

Question 15

Function of bone marrow

Answer 15

~ Red bone marrow : Produce blood cells
~ Yellow bone marrow : Store fat

Question 16

Bone growth

Answer 16

Osteoblasts (anabolic) : Bone forming cells which produce the protein collagen

Question 17

Growth plate

Answer 17

~ The increase in the length of a bone is due to a growth plate made of cartilage
~ Found in our long bones between the diaphysis and the epiphysis

Question 18

Bone development

Answer 18

~ Osteoclasts (catabolic) : Bone digesting cells
~ They deposit calcium from the bones that were broken down into the blood

Question 19

Renewal of bone

Answer 19

1. Physical activity : Causes bones to become thicker and stronger
2. Hormone level : Growth hormone and sex hormones increase the size of bones
3. Diet : Rich in calcium and vitamin D for strong bones

Question 20

Joints

Answer 20

Where two or more bones meet

Question 21

Immovable joints

Answer 21

~ Known as fixed or fused joints e.g. skull, pelvic girdle
~ Provide strength, support and protection

Question 22

Slightly movable joints

Answer 22

Joints between the vertebrae, are slightly movable

Question 23

Freely movable joints / Synovial joints

Answer 23

~ Ball and socket : Bone can move in all directions e.g. shoulder and hip
~ Hinge joint : Can move in one direction only e.g. elbow and knee

Question 24

Synovial fluid

Answer 24

Is produced on movable joints to lubricate and reduce friction

Question 25

Tendons vs Ligaments

Answer 25

Tendons connect muscle to bone, ligaments connect bone to bone (There Must Be Love Before Babies)

Question 26

Skeletal muscle

Answer 26

~ It is under voluntary control
~ Attached to the bone

Question 27

Smooth muscle

Answer 27

~ It is under involuntary control
~ Found in internal structures e.g. digestive system, blood vessels etc.

Question 28

Cardiac muscle

Answer 28

~ It is under involuntary control
~ Found in the heart

Question 29

Antagonistic pairs

Answer 29

~ A pair of muscles that work with opposing actions
~ E.g. bicep and tricep, bicep contract to bend arm and tricep contract to straighten arm

Question 30

Arthritis

Answer 30

~ Cause : Wear and tear
~ Treatment : Physiotherapy
~ Prevention : Avoid running on hard surfaces (e.g. roads)