Skeleton and joints

Question 1

What cell constructs cartilage

Answer 1

Chondroblasts - secrete ground substance and collagen to form a rigid gel.

Question 2

Why is cartilage generally thin?

Answer 2

Gets metabolites from diffusion as no neurovascular elements are present in cartilage

Question 3

Wha are the functions of bone?

Answer 3

Movement
Protection
Haemopoesis - principle blood cells are formed in the bone marrow
Storage of calcium and phosphorus

Question 4

What are the shapes of bones + examples

Answer 4

Long (femur)
Flat (sternum)
Short (trapezoid)
Sesamoid (patella)
Irregular

Question 5

Periosteum

Answer 5

Connective tissue that envelopes bones except at joints.

Question 6

How does trabecular bone tissue help bones deal with forces

Answer 6

Forces funnelled down towards the mature (hard, dense) bone, like a network of struts.

Question 7

What are the origins of bone?

Answer 7

Endochondral ossification, intramembranous ossification

Question 8

Head

Answer 8

Expanded end of the epiphysis, separated from shaft by narrow neck.

Question 9

Neck

Answer 9

Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis, also called diaphysis

Question 10

Condyle

Answer 10

Smooth rounded articular process

Question 11

Trochlea

Answer 11

Smooth grooved articular process, shaped like a pulley.

Question 12

Facet

Answer 12

Small flat articular surface

Question 13

Process

Answer 13

Bump

Question 14

Ramus

Answer 14

Extension of the bone at an angle to the rest of the structure

Question 15

Trochanter

Answer 15

Large projection

Question 16

Tuberosity

Answer 16

Projection

Question 17

Tubercule

Answer 17

Small projection

Question 18

Process

Answer 18

Projection

Question 19

Crest

Answer 19

A prominent ridge

Question 20

Line

Answer 20

A low ridge

Question 21

Fossa

Answer 21

Shallow depression

Question 22

Sulcus

Answer 22

A narrow groove

Question 23

Foramen

Answer 23

Hole

Question 24

Fissure

Answer 24

Cleft

Question 25

Meatus/canal

Answer 25

Passageway through the bone

Question 26

Sinus/antrum

Answer 26

Chamber

Question 27

What are the types of joints?

Answer 27

Fibrous = united by collagen (skull sutures) no movt Cartilaginous (primary = first rib, secondary = between hips at pubic symphesis) little movt Synovial = fluid filled cavity wide range of movt

Question 28

Describe the formation of cartilage

Answer 28

Cartilage is formed by chondroblasts which secrete ground substance and collagen to form a rigid gel. Once formed they remain in situ as condrocytes

Question 29

What is the difference between chondrocytes and chondroblasts?

Answer 29

Chondroblasts secrete ground substance and collagen to form a rigid gel in the formation of cartilage, once formed they remain in situ as chondrocytes

Question 30

How does the amount of cartilage change from foetus to adult

Answer 30

Much of foetal skeleton is preformed as hyaline cartilage; in adult cartilage remains in articular surfaces + in areas where rigidity and elasticity are required.

Question 31

What types of joints are there?

Answer 31

Fibrous (united by collagen) Cartilagenous (united by cartilage) Synovial (fluid filled cavity)

Question 32

What are the types of fibrous joints?

Answer 32

Sutures (no movt) Symphoses (a little movt) Gomphoses (a little movt, like a shock absorber)

Question 33

What are the types of sutures?

Answer 33

Squamous (straight line) Serrated (wavy) Denticulate (waves in waves)

Question 34

Give an example of a symphoses

Answer 34

Between ulna and radius, allows for a little movement in pronation/supination

Question 35

Give an example of a gomphoses

Answer 35

Between jaw and tooth, acts as a shock absorber

Question 36

What are the types of primary cartilagenous joints?

Answer 36

Synchondroses

Question 37

Describe a synchondroses

Answer 37

Develops between bones of endochondral origin, solid plate of hyaline cartilage acting as an epiphyseal plate between primary and secondary ossification centres of long bones. Provide areas of growth

Question 38

Describe a symphesis

Answer 38

Partially moveable joint - opposing surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage separated by fibrous tissue or fibrocartilage. Found in midline of the body.

Question 39

Describe the parts of a synovial joint

Answer 39

Hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface of each bone. A synovial membrane lines the interior of a joint capsule (which is continuous with the periosteum) it produces a small amount of synovial fluid. Sometimes a disc may be present to act as a shock absorber. Also there may be bursae, sacs of synovial fluid

Question 40

What are bursae?

Answer 40

Sacs of synovial fluid

Question 41

What are all the different shapes of joints?

Answer 41

``` Hinge Pivot Ball + socket Saddle shaped Ellipsoid Condyloid Plane ```

Question 42

Uniaxial joint

Answer 42

Moves in one plane only

Question 43

Biaxial joint

Answer 43

Moves in two planes

Question 44

Nonaxial joint

Answer 44

Small bones that can just move in all directions

Question 45

Why is the synovial joint so useful for movements

Answer 45

The shape of the articulations The tension of joint capsule Position of ligaments Position of muscles surrounding joint