Skeleton Joints and Muscle Flashcards
Functions of the bones and the skeleton
Provide structural support to body
Protects internal organs
Home to bone marrow, which produces blood cells in process of haematopoiesis
Acts as a mineral stall for physiological processes
Underpins movements by attachment to muscle via tendons
Classification of bones
Long - contain the most bone marrow
Flat - protect sensitive organs
Irregular
Short
Vertebral column
Vertebrae are grouped into three sections
Cervical vertebrae C1-C7 neck portion of spine
Thoracic vertebrae T1-T12 upper back
Lumbar vertebrae L1-L5 lower back
What are the two types of bone tissue?
Compact - outer bone and rigid
Spongy - inner bone and porous
Cells of the bone tissue
Osteoblast – responsible for production of bone proteins
Osteoclasts – responsible for remodelling bone
Bone marrow
The tissue found inside bones
Contain stem cells which are involved in the production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
The mesoderms 3 sub categories
Intermediate mesoderm – develops into kidneys and gonads
Paraxial, mesoderm – develops into cartilage, skeletal muscle and dermis
Lateral plates mesoderm - develops into heart, circulatory system
What are osteoblasts?
A cell type that produces copious amounts of extra cellular matrix and fibrous proteins form from the neural crest
5 steps of intramembraneous ossification
Mesenchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts and group into ossification centres
Osteoblasts, becoming trapped by the osteoid they secrete, transforming them to osteocytes
Trabecular bone and periosteum form
Cortical bone forms superficially to the trabecular bone
Blood vessels form the red Marrow
Endochondrial ossification
Messenchymal cells from mesoderm differentiate into chondrocytes
Conor start start to produce different components
Mineralisation triggers, apoptosis for chondrocytes
Be perichondrium becomes the periostrium and eventually develops into the compact bone – periosteal collar
Functions of the muscular system
Movement
Posture
Stabilising joints – muscles pull bones in the correct position is to hold joint in stable position
Generating heat – muscles generate heat as a side-effect of activity, ATP is used to power muscle contractions
Muscle contraction
Contraction caused by stimulus by nerve impulse
Motoneurons are responsible for this,
Sunaptic vessels found at neuromuscular junctions, contain a chemical called a neurotransmitter. ACh is the transmitter use for contraction of muscle.
Tendons
Flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen that connects the muscle to a bone
Ligament
A tough band of tissue that holds bones or organs in position
Types of synovial joints
Pivot
Hinge
Ball and socket
Saddle
Plane
Condyloid
