Skill Acquisition Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
A skill is…
A
Learnt
2
Q
An ability is…
A
Inherited
3
Q
Define a perceptual skill.
A
The detection of a stimuli from the environment
4
Q
Define a cognitive skill
A
A thinking skill that involves decision making
5
Q
Define a motor skill
A
The contraction of large muscle groups to produce a movement
6
Q
Define a psycho-motor skill
A
A thinking skill that involves decision making, followed by contractions of the muscles to produce a movement
7
Q
An open skill is…
A
Where the environment is unstable and changing
8
Q
A closed skill is….
A
Where the environment is unchanging and stable
9
Q
Is dribbling in open play in basketball an open or closed skill?
A
Open skill
10
Q
Is a serve in tennis an example of an open skill or a closed skill?
A
Closed skill
11
Q
A self-paced skill is…
A
Where the performer decides the start and speed of the movement
12
Q
An externally-paced skill is…
A
Where the environment dictates the start and speed of the movement
13
Q
Is a corner kick in football a self-paced or externally paced skill?
A
Self-paced
14
Q
A fine skill involves….
A
Small muscle groups
15
Q
A gross skill involves…
A
Large muscles groups
16
Q
A golf putt and archery are the only examples of what type of skill?
A
Fine skills
17
Q
A simple skill….
A
Involves few decisions being made
18
Q
A complex skill….
A
Involves many decisions being made
19
Q
Define a low organisation skill
A
The movement can be easily broken down into sub-routines
20
Q
Define a high organisation skill
A
The movement can NOT be easily broken down into sub-routines
21
Q
Define a discrete skill
A
There is a clear beginning and end
22
Q
Define a serial skill
A
A series of linked discrete skills
23
Q
Define a continuous skill
A
The end of one cycle is the beginning of the next
24
Q
Positive transfer is when…
A
The learning of one skill benefits the learning of another skill
25
Negative transfer is when...
The learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
26
Zero transfer is when...
The learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another skill
27
Bi-lateral transfer is when...
The learning of a skill on one side of the body benefits the learning of a skill on the other side of the body
28
Pro-active transfer is when...
The learning of a skill has an impact on the learning of a future skill
29
Retroactive transfer is when...
The learning of a skill has an impact on a previously learned skill
30
How many pieces of information can the short-term sensory store hold?
Unlimited
31
How long can the short-term sensory store hold information for?
1 second
32
What does the short-term sensory store recieve?
Stimuli from the environment
33
What process takes place in the short-term sensory store?
Selective attention
34
What is selective attention?
Blocking out irrelevant information and focusing on relevant information
35
What is the benefit of selective attention?
It speeds up decision making and prevents information overload
36
Give 3 ways a coach can improve selective attention...
1. Increase the intensity of the stimuli
2. Slow down the stimuli to give more time to react
3. Speed the stimuli back up to make it more realistic
4. Use key cues
5. Practice with distractions
37
DCR stands for...
Detection, comparison, recognition
38
How much information can the short-term memory hold?
5-9 pieces
39
How long can the short-term memory hold information for?
Up to 30 seconds
40
The short-term memory is also known as...
The working memory
41
What does the short-term memory receive from the STSS?
Relevant information from the short-term sensory store
42
Which process takes place in the short-term memory?
Decision making
43
What does decision making mean?
Choosing a relevant motor programmes
44
What does the short-term memory receive from the long-term memory?
Relevant motor programmes
45
What does the short-term memory do with motor programmes
Initiates them
46
What does initiating a motor programme mean?
Sending nerve impulses to the relevant muscles
47
How much information can the long-term memory hold?
Unlimited
48
How long can the long-term memory hold information from
An unlimited amount of time
49
What 2 things does the long-term memory store?
1. Relevant information
2. Motor programmes
50
Where does the long-term memory send motor programmes?
Back to the short-term memory
51
Give 3 ways that the retention of newly learnt information can be improved.
1. Making information relevant by using key cues
2. Chunk and chain information
3. Practice frequently
4. Use appropriate guidance
5. Make training fun and enjoyable
6. Positive reinforcement
52
What can positive reinforcement help to strengthen?
The SR bond
53
What are the 3 stages of Welford's Model?
Input, decision making, output
54
What process takes place in the input stage of the Welford's Model?
DCR
55
What are the 3 central mechanisms of Whiting's Model of Information Processing?
Perceptual mechanism, translatory mechanism, effector mechanism
56
Which key process occurs in the perceptual mechanism?
Selective attention
57
Which key process takes place in the translatory mechanism?
Decision making
58
Which key process takes place in the effector mechanism?
Initiation of motor programmes
59
Define the term reaction time
The time taken from the start of the stimulus to the start of the movement
60
Give an example of reaction time for a 100m runner.
From the start of the gunshot to the start of pushing off the blocks
61
Define the term movement time
From the start of the movement to the end of the movement
62
Give an example of movement time for a 100m runner
From the start of pushing off the blocks to the end of the race
63
Define the term response time
From the start of the stimulus to the end of the movement
64
Give an example of response time for a 100m runner
From the start of the gunshot to the end of the race
65
Outline the relationship between reaction time, movement time and response time
Reaction time + movement time = response time
66
What does Hick's Law state?
As the number of possible responses increases, response time becomes slower
67
According to the single channel hypothesis, how many stimuli can be processed at a time?
One
68
The time delay caused by the single channel hypothesis is known as...
The psychological refractory period
69
The psychological refractory period causes...
A delayed/slower response time
70
Define spatial anticipation
Predicting what is going to happen
71
Define temporal anticipation
Predicting when something is going to happen
72
Name the factors that can afect response time
Selective attention
Hick's Law
Age
Anticipation
Arousal
Psychological refractory period
73
Define whole practice
The movement is practised as a whole with no breaks
74
What stage of learning is whole practice suitable for?
Autnomous
75
What level of fitness is whole practice suitable for?
High levels
76
Define part practice
The skill is broken down into sub-routines and each sub-routine is practised seperately
77
Define progressive part practice
The skill is broken down into sub-routines and each sub-routine is then chained together
78
Part and Progressive part practice is suitable for what stage of learning?
Cognitive
79
Why is part practice suitable for cognitive learners?
Allows time for feedback
80
Define massed practice
The skill is practised with no breaks
81
What stage of learning is massed practice suitable for?
Autonomous
82
Define distributed practice
A skill is practised with rest breaks introduced
83
What stage of learning is distributed practice suitable for?
Cognitive
84
Define fixed practice
The same skill is practised throughout the session
85
Define varied practice
A session with different skill introduced throughout
86
Define positive feedback
Praise about the success of a skill or movement
87
Define negative fEedback
Critical comments about a movement and how to improve it
88
Define intrinsic feedback
Feedback from within through the performer's proprioceptors
89
Outline 4 types of sensory information
1. Sight
2. Sound
3. Touch
4. Propriception
90
Define extrinsic feedback
Feedback from an external source e.g. a coach
91
Define immediate feedback
Feedback given straight after performance
92
Define delayed feedback
Feedback given some time after performance
93
Define knowledge of performance
Feedback about the success of motor programmes, regardless of the outcome
94
Define knowledge of results
Feedback about the outcome of a movement
95
Define concurrent feedback
Feedback given during performance
96
Define terminal feedback
Feedback given after the performance
97
Outline 3 characteristics of a cognitive performer
1. Inconsistent performance
2. Requires conscious thought
3. A lot of gross errors
4. Requires external feedback
5. Poor kinaesthetic awareness
6. Poor selective attention
98
Outline 3 characteristics of an autonomous performer
1. Consistent performance
2. Requires no conscious thought
3. Few errors
4. Able to self-evaluate
5. Good selective attention
6. Fully developed kinaesthetic awareness
99
Which stage of learning requires more positive feedback?
Cognitive
100
Which stage of learning requires more extrinsic feedback?
Cognitive
101
Which stage of learning can use delayed feedback?
Autonomous
102
Which stage of learning use knowledge of performance?
Autonomous
103
Which stage of learning use concurrent feedback?
Autonomous
104
Define a learning plateau
A period of time with no change in performance
105
Identify 3 causes of a learning plateau.
1. Fatigue/injury
2. Demotivation
3. Poor quality coaching
4. Goals are too challenging/too easy
5. Ability limits skill
106
Define visual guidance
The performer observes a deomnstration
107
Define visual guidance
The performer observes a demonstration
108
Define verbal guidance
The coach highlights key cues
109
Define manual guidance
The coach physically assists a performer through a movement
110
Define mechanical guidance
Use of an artificial aid to assist a performer through a movement
111
For cognitive performers, visual guidance should be used alongside 1.__________ because 2.__________
1. Verbal guidance
2. It can help to create a perfect image and prevent information overload
112
Verbal guidance may be used alone with....
Autonomous performers
113
Operant conditioning involves learning through....
Trial and error
114
What does 'shaping' mean in operant conditioning?
Changing the environment to allow for success and failure
115
What 3 process does operant conditioning involve?
1. Positive reinforcement
2. Negative reinforcement
3. Punishment
116
Operant conditioning: What is positive reinforcement?
Giving praise when the correct response is given
117
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
To strengthen the SR bond and encourage repitition
118
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of positive reinforcement?
Ton strengthen the SR bon and encourage repetition
119
Operant conditioning: What is negative reinforcment
The removal of a negative stimulus once the correct response is given
120
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of negative reinforcement?
To strengthen the SR bond and encourage repetition
121
Operant conditioning: What is punishment
Given when the incorrect response is given
122
Operant conditioning: What is the purpose of punishment?
To weaken the SR bond and encourage a change in behaviour
123
Outline the 6 stages of Bandura's Observational Learning Theory
1. Demonstration
2. Attention
3. Retention
4. Motor re-production
5. Motivation
6. Matching performance
124
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory: Define demonstration
Performer will observe an image of the movement
125
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory: How can a demonstration be made more effective?
If the demonstration is perfect
126
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
Define attention
The performer focuses on key cues
127
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
How can attention be made more effective?
If delivered by a role model
128
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
Define retention
The performer stores information in the long term memory
129
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
How can retention be made more effective?
By using key cues to make information relevant and meaningful
130
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
Define motor re-production
Performer having the physical capability to perform a task or action
131
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
How can motor re-production be made more effective?
Breaking the skill or movement down into sub-routines
132
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
Define motivation
The performer has the drive to complete a task
133
Bandura's Observational Learning Theory:
How can motivation be made more effective?
If the coach gives tangible and intangible rewards
134
Seeing a ball come toward you in tennis is an example of what type of skill?
Perceptual
135
Contracting muscles in the arms to return a forehand shot in tennis is an example of what type of skill/ability?
Motor skill
136
Deciding who to pass to in hockey is an example of what type of skill?
Cognitive skill
137
Deciding where to pass in rugby, followed by contracting the muscles to perform the movement is what kind of skill?
Psycho-motor
138
Place a corner kick in football on the Open-Closed continua
Closed
139
Place dribbling in hockey on the Open-Closed continua
Open
140
Place passing in open play in basketball on the self-paced-externally-paced continua
Externally paced
141
Place a conversion in rugby on the self-paced-externally-paced continua
Self-paced
142
Place a rugby tackle on the fine-gross continua
Gross
143
Place a tennis serve on the simple-complex continua
Simple
144
Place a backhand return in a rally on the simple-complex continua
Complex
145
Place a triple jump on the low-high organisation continua
Low organisation
146
Define a schema
A set of motor programmes than can be adapted to produce a new movement
147
Is a recall schema before or after a movement?
Before
148
Name the 2 processes of the recall schema
Initial conditions and response specification
149
In Schmidt's schema theory, explain initial conditions
Using knowledge of the environment
150
In Schmidt's schema theory, explain response specification
Making a decision based on initial conditions
151
Does a recognition schema take place before or after a movement?
After
152
Outline the 2 processes in a recognition schema
Sensory consequences and response outcome
153
In Schmidt's schema theory, explain sensory consequences
Involves knowledge of performance, where the performer receives feedback based on the success of the movement
154
In Schmidt's schema theory, explain response outcome
Involves knowledge of results
155
According to Drive Reduction Theory, what happens once a performer reaches a goal?
Their level of motivation reduces
156
According to Drive Reduction Theory, what should a coach do if drive is reduced after achieving a goal?
Set the performer a more challenging goal
