skill acquisition

Question 1

skill

Answer 1

a skill refers to the ability to do something well.

Question 2

motor skill

Answer 2

a motor skill refers to a voluntary, goal directed activity that can be learned through practice and experience.

Question 3

classifying movement skills

Answer 3

classifying motor skills refers to categorising skills according to their characteristics.

Question 4

movement skills

Answer 4

• movement precision
• type of movement
• predictability of environment

Question 5

movement precision

Answer 5

movement precision refers to the accuracy/refinement of the movement and the size of the masculature required. categorised into: gross motor skills and fine motor skills.

Question 6

gross motor skills

Answer 6

gross motor skills refer to movements involving the use of large muscle groups that result in a coordinated action such as running and swimming.
- combined actions
- coordinated movement

Question 7

fine motor skills

Answer 7

fine motor skills refer to delicate, precise movements that engage the use of small msucle groups such as precise dart throwing.
- small muscle groups
- control of touch

Question 8

type of movement

Answer 8

• discrete motor skills
• serial motor skills
• continuous motor skills

Question 9

discrete motor skills

Answer 9

discrete motor skills refer to movement that has an obvious beginning and end such as kicking a ball or a netball pass.
- brief movement
- beginning and end

Question 10

serial motor skills

Answer 10

serial motor skills refer to the combination of discrete skills in a sequence such as a gymnastics routine.
- complicated action
- combination of discrete skills

Question 11

continuous motor skills

Answer 11

continuous motor skills refer to movement that has no definite beginning or end point such as walking and running.
- flowing movements
- no beginning and end

Question 12

predictability of environment

Answer 12

• closed motor skills
• open motor skills

Question 13

closed motor skills

Answer 13

closed motor skills refe to skills where the athlete has the greatest control over the performance environment: skills are peformed in a predictable, self paced environment.
- constant environment
- replication of skill

Question 14

open motor skills

Answer 14

open motor skills refer to skills performed in a dynamic and externally paced environment.
- changing environment
- externally paced
- adaption of skill required

Question 15

fundamental movement skills

Answer 15

fundamental movement skills refer to foundation skills that provide a basis for the development of more sport specific skills.
- stability skills
- locomotor skills
- manipulative skills

Question 16

stability skills

Answer 16

stability skills relates to the balance and control of the body.

Question 17

locomotor skills

Answer 17

locomotor skills refers to movement that enables an individual to move through space.

Question 18

manipulative skills

Answer 18

manipulative skills involve the control of an object

Question 19

sport specific skills (SSS)

Answer 19

sport specific skills refer the mature fundamnetal motor skills refined and combine to meet the demands of more specific tasks such as a volleyball spike.

Question 20

sport specific concepts

Answer 20

sport specific concepts refer to factors such as moving into space, when to pass, team strategy.

Question 21

examples of object control

Answer 21

• kicking
• throwing
• catching
• hitting

Question 22

examples of locomotor skills

Answer 22

• running
• hopping
• jumping
• skipping
• using a wheelchair
• using a prosthetic limb

Question 23

examples of aquatic skills

Answer 23

• floating
• early swimming strokes
• paddling
• standing on a surfboard

Question 24

examples of body control

Answer 24

• balancing
• tumbling
• climbing

Question 25

stages of learning

Answer 25

stages of learning classify learners into three distinct learning stages to describe the characteristics as they progess through the stages. - cognitive stage - associative stage - autonomous stage

Question 26

cognitive stage

Answer 26

the cognitive stage of learning refers to the initial phase of learning a motor skill where the emphasis is on the conscious understanding of the task requirements.

Question 27

characteristics of the cognitive stage

Answer 27

- movements are slow, inconsistent and inefficient - large part of the movement is controlled consciously - frequent errors occur - tend to perform skills slowly - requires feedback

Question 28

coaching the cognitive stage

Answer 28

- learners need to dedicate a substantial amount of attention - provide simple feedback - giving repeated demonstations - strategies to correct faults should be given - allow time for practice and re demonstating the skill

Question 29

associative stage

Answer 29

the associative stage of learning refers to the consistent performance of the basic mechanics of a skill wih relatively few mistakes.

Question 30

characteristics of associative stage

Answer 30

- movements are more fluid, reliable and efficient - requires less feedback - refinement stage where they work on patterns - some movement is controlled consciously, some automatically

Question 31

coaching the associative stage

Answer 31

- provide regular practice opportunities - exoise to more open competition environments - identfy errors and correct them

Question 32

autonomous stage

Answer 32

the autonomous stage of learning refers to the athlete performing the skill almost automatically.

Question 33

characteristics of autonomous stage

Answer 33

- skill can be almost second nature to them - movements are accurate, consistent and efficient - movements are largely controlled automatically

Question 34

coaching the autonomous stage

Answer 34

- keep their motivation levels up - use match simulation to enhance tactical knowledge and decision making skills - suggest small improvements for them to apply

Question 35

skill learning continuum

Answer 35

a skill learning continuum is used to express the concept that an individual can be in different stages of learning for different skills within the same sport.

Question 36

direct instruction

Answer 36

direct coahcing approaches are rigid and provide feedback on every practice attempt.

Question 37

constraints based

Answer 37

constraints refer to boundaries that shape a learner's self organising moving patterns, cognitions and decision making processes. - task constraints - individual constraints - environmental constraints

Question 38

task constraints

Answer 38

- level of pressure - rules - area / size - number of players - time - scoring method - zones / areas - equipment (modififcation, size, weight)

Question 39

individual constraints

Answer 39

- body size: height, weight, body type, limb length - fitness level: strength, power, endurance, agility, flexibility - motivation, confidence - mental (anxiety) - technical skills - tactical skills (perceptual and decision making skills) - experience

Question 40

environmental constraints

Answer 40

physical environment: - court surface - temperature, weather - background noise - gravity - quality of facilities sociocultural environment: - motivation of peers - crowd, spectators - peers, teachers - cultural norms - family support networks - societal expectations

Question 41

qualitative analysis

Answer 41

qualitative analysis is needed to help improve athlete performance. 1. preparation 2. observation 3. evaluation 4. error correction

Question 42

sociocultural influences

Answer 42

- gender - cultural traditions and beliefs - socioeconomic status - peers - family

Question 43

practice strategies

Answer 43

practice strategies maximises meanigful skill repetition within time conditions.

Question 44

part practice

Answer 44

part practice refers to independent components of a motor skill.

Question 45

whole practice

Answer 45

whole practice refers to practising a whole skill.

Question 46

amount of practice

Answer 46

amount of practice refers to how much training is required to acquire each skill

Question 47

practice distribution

Answer 47

practice distribution can be massed or distributed

Question 48

distributed practice

Answer 48

distributed practice refers to shorter but more frequent training sessions. - more beneficial for professionals - hard to schedule around lifestyle - creates a better learning environment

Question 49

massed practice

Answer 49

massed practice refers to less frequent but longer training sessions. - more beneficial for non pro athletes - easy to schedule around lifestyle - physical and physiological fatigue is common

Question 50

practice variability

Answer 50

practice variability can be blocked or random

Question 51

blocked practice

Answer 51

blocked practice refers to practising the same skill continuously without changing to a different task.

Question 52

random practice

Answer 52

random practice refers to the varied sequencing of different motor skills in the same training session.

Question 53

intrinsic feedback

Answer 53

intrinsic feedback refers to an individual using their own sense to assess performance including: - visual - auditory - proprioception - touch

Question 54

augmented feedback

Answer 54

augmented feedback refers to an outside individual providing external feedback.

Question 55

knowledge of results

Answer 55

knowledge of results refers to specific feedback about the outcome of the task.

Question 56

knowledge of characteristics/performance

Answer 56

knowledge of performance/characteristics refers to feedback on the characteristics of performing a task.