Skill Acquisition Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the difference between Continuous,Serial and Discrete skills?
Continuous-No clear start and end
Serial- Several discrete skills linked together
Discrete-Clear start and end
What is the difference between Self paced and Externally paced skills?
Self Paced- You control when you perform a skill
Externally Paced-something external controls when you perform a skill
What is the difference between Open and Closed skills?
Open- Affected by environmental conditions.
Closed- Not affected by the environment.
What is the difference between simple and complex skills?
Simple-little decision making
Complex-lots of decision making
What is the definition of learning?
The relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of practice or experience.
What are 3 characteristics of performance?
Unpredictable
Inconsistent
Flukey
What are the characteristics of a cognitive performer?
- Make lots of errors
- Movements are slow and inefficient
- Cannot handle large amounts of information
What are the characteristics of an autonomous performer?
- Actions and fluent, efficient and automatic.
- Can handle lots of information.
- Can now focus on the fine, more complicated details.
What is operant conditioning?
It is based on trial and error and shapes behaviour by manipulating the environment through stimulus-response bonds.
What is the difference between High and Low organization skills?
High- hard to break down into subroutines
Low- easy to break down into subroutines
What is the difference between Positive and Negative reinforcement and Punishment?
Positive reinforcement- give positive stimulus after desired response to strengthen S-R bond
Negative Reinforcement- remove negative stimulus after desired response, strengthen S-R bond.
Punishment- give a negative stimulus when undesired response occurs, weakening the S-R bond.
What does DARMMM stand for?
Demonstration
Attention
Retention
Motor reproduction
Motivation
Marching performance
What is the difference between Positive and Negative transfer?
Positive- learning of one skills HELPS the learning of another
Negative- learning of one skills HINDERS the learning of another.
What is the difference between Zero and Bi-Lateral transfer?
Zero- learning of a skill has NO EFFECT on the learning of another.
Bi-Lateral- learning is transferred from LIMB TO LIMB
What is the difference between Proactive and Retroactive transfer?
Proactive- When an old skill affects the learning of a new skill
Retroactive- when a new skill has an effect on old skills.
What are the Pros and Cons of Visual learning?
Pros:
. Learner can SEE accurate performance
. Demonstration can be repeated.
. Help form mental image of correct performance
Cons:
. Problems if no accurate image available
What are the Pros and Cons of Verbal Learning?
Pros:
. Effective questioning but coaches can enhance learning and understanding
. More accurate picture for learner when with visual
. Immediate
Cons:
. Sometimes too long and complicated
. Some movements can’t be accurately explained
What are the pros and cons of Manual and Mechanical learning?
Pros:
. Prevent learner making inaccurate movements
. Provide safe environment
. Help develop kinesthetic feel for the motion
. Useful in early stages of learning
Cons:
. Become dependent
. May give “unrealistic” feeling
- lead to failure when guidance is removed.
When should you use WHOLE practice and what are the pros and cons?
When? When skill is Continuous
Pros:
. Performer gets the “feel” and timing of movement
. Learning can be quicker
Cons:
. Unsuitable for complex skills
When should you use FIXED practice and what are the pros and cons?
When? Closed skills
Pros:
. Promotes over learning
Cons:
. Doesn’t prepare performers for when it goes wrong
When should you use PART practice and what are the pros and cons?
When? When the skill is Low organization or learning Serial and complex skills
Pros:
. Early access
. Safer
. Allow coach to focus on particular parts of the skill.
Cons:
. Difficult to put parts together
. Continuity of skill is lost
. Reduces kinesthetic awareness
When should you use VARIABLE practice and what are the pros and cons?
When? Open skills
Pros:
. Allow learner to practice in situations realistic to sport
Cons:
. Hard to replicate competitive situations
