Skill Acquisition (2.1) Flashcards
(147 cards)
1
Q
on the musular movement continuum skills are classified into _______ or _____ skills
A
gross
fine
2
Q
on the environmental influence continuum skills are classified into ____ or ______
A
open
closed
3
Q
on the continuity continuum skills are classified into _____ , ______ or ______
A
discrete
serial
continuous
4
Q
on the pacing continuum skills are classified into _____ or______
A
internally paced
externally paced
5
Q
on the difficulty continuum skills are classified into ____ or _____
A
simple
complex
6
Q
on the organisation contiuum skills are classified into _____ or _____
A
low
high
7
Q
a gross skill is…
A
a skill that uses large muscle groups
8
Q
a fine skill is….
A
a skill that is an intricate movement using only small muscle groups
9
Q
a sporting example of a gross skill is
A
running in a 1500m
10
Q
a sporting example of a fine skill is
A
a snooker shot
11
Q
an open skill is…
A
a skill that is affected by the environment, where the environment is constantly changing
12
Q
a closed skill is…
A
a skill that is not affected by the environment, where the environment is predictable
13
Q
an example of an open skill is…
A
a return in a game of tennis
14
Q
an example of a closed skill is…
A
a serve in tennis
15
Q
a discrete skill is…
A
a skill that is brief, with well defined actions that have a clear beginning, middle and end
16
Q
a serial skill is…
A
a skill where a group of discrete skills are strung together to make a new and complex movement
17
Q
a coninuous skill is…
A
a skill that has no clear beginning or end and is repeated
18
Q
an example of a discrete skill is…
A
a penalty kick in football
19
Q
an example of a serial skill is…
A
the hop, skip and jump in a triple jump
20
Q
an example of a continuous skill is…
A
running
21
Q
an internally paced skill is…
A
a skill that is self paced, the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed
22
Q
an externally paced skill is…
A
when the environment controls the rate of performing of the skill
23
Q
an example of an internally paced skill is…
A
javelin throw
24
Q
an example of an externally paced skill is…
A
a dancing routine that has to be in time to the music
25
a simple skill is....
a skill that involves few decisons and little concentration
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a complex skill is...
a skill that involves many decisions and are complicated
27
an example of a simple skill is...
sprinting in a 100m sprint
28
an example of a complex skill is...
a vault in gymnastics
29
a low organisation skill is...
a skill that is easy and uncomplicated and can be broken down into subroutines
30
a high organisation skill is...
a skill that cannot be broken down into sub-routines
31
what are the 8 different types of practice?
part practice
whole practice
whole-part-whole practice
progressive part practice
massed practice
distibuted practice
fixed practice
varied practice
32
what is part practice?
working on an isolated subroutine to perfect it
33
the 2 advantges of part practice are
it reduces the possibility of overload
allows the performer to gain confidence
34
give a practical example of part practice
practising only the backswing in a tennis serve
35
what is whole practice?
a skill being taught and practised as a whole
36
when is whole practice used ?
high organistaion skills
37
what is the advantage of whole practice?
helps to develop kinasthesis
38
give a practical example of whole practice
practicising a golf swing
39
what is whole-part-whole practice?
practising the whole skill then practising a sub routine in isolation then practising the whole skill again
40
when is whole-part-whole practice used?
serial skills or low organisation skills
41
what are the 2 advantages of whole-part-whole practice?
can identify strengths & weaknesses
allows some feel of the skill
42
give a practical example of whole-part-whole practice
practising the whole swim stroke
practising the leg kick in isolation using a float
practice whole stroke again `
43
what is progressive part practice?
where a skill is broken down into subroutines. the athlete learns one link then once mastered adds another link on (chaining) until the whole skill is complete
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when is progressive part practice used?
serial skills
complex skills
low organisation skills
45
what is the advantage of progressive part practice?
helpful to allow perfomer to learn links between subroutines and transfer these to the whole skill
46
give a practical example of progressive part practice
gymnastics floor routine
47
what is massed practice?
practice with short or no rest intervals
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when is massed practice used ?
discrete skills
highly motivated performers with high fitness levels
49
give a practical example of massed practice
hitting 5 minutes of tennis forehand shots with little or no rest between shots, using a ball machine
50
what is distributed practise?
practice sessions with rest intervals included
51
when is distributed practice used ?
continuous skills
with beginners
complex skills
52
what are the 2 advantages of distributed practice?
rest intervals allows time for feedback
helps maintain motivation
53
give a practical example of distributed practice
a swimmer does a length than has a rest while the coach gives feedback
54
what is fixed practice?
a specific movement pattern is practised repeatedly in a stable environment
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when is fixed practice used?
with closed skills
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what is the advantage of fixed practice?
allows skills to become habitual and automatic
57
give a practical example of fixed practice
a discus thrower practising in the throwing circle - the discus always ways the same and the circle is always the same area
58
what is varied practice?
when a skill is practised in many environments
59
when is varied practice used?
with open skills
60
what are the advantages of varied practice?
allows the performer to develop decision making skills
61
give a practical example of varied practice
a small sided game in football where the athlete can work on passing in a pressure situation
62
what are the 5 types of transfer?
proactive transfer
retroative transfer
negative transfer
positive transfer
bilateral transfer
63
postive transfer is...
when the learning and performance of one skill helps the learning and performance of another skill
64
give a practical example of positive transfer
the skill of throwing can be transferred to the arm action of a tennis serve
65
negative transfer is...
when the learning and performance of one skill hinders the performance of another skill
66
give a practical example of negative transfer
a sqaush player who takes up tennis may find it difficult to learn not to use their wrist during shots
67
bilateral transfer is....
the transfer of learning from one limb to the other
68
give a practical example of bilateral transfer
a footballer who can shoot with the right foot then also learns to do it on the left
69
proactive transfer is....
when a skill learned previously affects a skill yet to be learned
70
give a practical example of proactive transfer
throwing a ball will help an overarm volleyball serve
71
retroactive transfer is...
when learning a new skill affects a previously learned skill
72
what 4 ways can positive transfer be maximised?
1. Learner should be made aware of transferable elements of a previously learned skills
2. Situational Influence - the situation needs to be similar to the real situation
3. The information processing required is similar for the two skills
4. Ensure that previously learned skills have been well learned
73
what 4 ways can negative transfer be minimised?
1. Draw the performer’s attention to the differences in the response
2. Make practice sessions similar to the performance / game situation
3. Make sure skills are thoroughly learned before moving on to new ones
4. Don't teach conflicting skills at the same time
74
the 4 theories of learning are:
1. operant conditioning
2. Thorndike's laws
3. cognitive theory of learning
4. Bandura's observational learning
75
the 3 stages of learning are:
cognitive
associative
autonomous
76
what are they key features of a cognitive learner?
- lots of trial and error
- makes lots of mistakes
- no kinasthesis
- trying to create a mental picture of the skill
77
give a practical example of a cognitive learner in a sport of your choice
in skiing a cognitive learner will be wobbly on their skiis, fall over regularly and unable to turn
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what are the key features of an associative learner?
- performer practices skills
- can create a mental image of the skill
- more aware of subtle and complex cues
- inconsistent
79
give a practical example of an associative learner in a sport of your choice
in skiing an associative learner would make fewer and smaller errors, would fall over less and can make basic turns
80
what are the key features of an automonous learner?
- can execute skill without concious thought
- motor programmes are in long term memory
- consistent
81
give a practical example of an automonous learner in a sport of your choice
in skiing an automonous learner rarely falls over, turns fluidly and rarely makes handling errors
82
the 4 types of guidance are:
verbal
visual
mechanical
manual
83
verbal guidance is....
a coach or significant other telling the performer what they are doing right and wrong
84
the 2 advantages of verbal guidance are...
1. can reinforce good movements and identify errors that need to be corrected
2. can hold tha attention of the performer and be used to motivate
85
the 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance are....
1. can lead to information overload
2. if guidance is inaccurate skills will be hindered
86
visual guidance is...
the use of images or demonstrations to help a learner develop a skill
87
the 3 advantages of visual guidance are...
1. easy to create a mental picture
2. skill can be seen at different stages
3. encourages observational learning
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the 3 disadvantages of visual guidnace are...
1. if demo is incorrect, bad habits could form
2. coach may not be able to show acccurate demo
3. visual representation may be too quick
89
manual guidance is...
physical support from another person when learning or developing a skill
90
mechanical guidance is....
physical support from a mechanical device to help develop a skill
91
the 4 advantages of manual guidance are...
1. helps with confidence
2. can increase safety
3. can give kinasthesis feel
4. can be used to isolate a skill action
92
the 3 disadvantages of manual guidance are...
1. can be over restrictive
2. can lead to false kinasthesis
3. could negatively affect motivation
93
the 4 advantages of mechanical guidance are...
1. helps with confidence
2. can increase safety
3. can give kinasthesis feel
4. can be used to isolate a skill action
94
the 3 disadvantages of mechanical guidance are...
1. can be over restrictive
2. can lead to false kinasthesis
3. could negatively affect motivation
95
the 6 types of feedback are...
intrinsic
extrinsic
positive
negative
knowledge of results
knowlwdge of performance
96
intrinsic feedback is...
internal feedback for tha athlete from proprioreceptors about the feel of the movement
97
give a practical example of intrinsic feedback
a swimmer feels their leg kick is strong and effective
98
extrinsic feedback is...
feedback that comes from an external source
99
give a practical example of extrinsic feedback
a coach tells a gymnast she needs to point her toes in her straddle jump
100
positive feedback is...
feedback that reinforces skill learning and gives information about a successful outcome
101
give a practical example of positive feedback
a badminton coach praises a player when they perform the short serve correctly
102
negative feedback is...
information about an unsuccessful outcome that can be used to build more successful strategies
103
give a practical example of negative feedback
a coach tells the netballer that their shooting has been inaccurate
104
knowledge of results is...
terminal feedback that gives the performer information about the end result of the response
105
give a practical example of knowledge of results
a gymnast learns her score after her beam routine
106
knowledge of performance is..
information about how well a movement is being executed
107
give a practical example of of knowledge of performance
a golfer is told by their coach that their putting has been consistent
108
give 3 ways of improving memory in sport
1. chunking of information
2. use of mental rehearsal
3. association
109
benefits of chunking
can extend capacity of STM
minimise no. or complexity of skill
makes it easier for info retention
info stored in smaller amounts
110
give an example of chunking in sport
e.g using stories like “clean palm, dirty neck” in shot put
111
explain use of mental rehersal
thinking through routines or patterns of movement and developing mantas strategies like imagery
112
give an example of use of mental rehearsal in sport
a gymnast focusing on movement patterns of her gymnastics routine before performing
113
explain association in sport
performer remembers better if they can associate with something already learned, developing s-r bond
give an example of association in sport
114
give a practical example of association in sport
when a player sees a particular arm action of the opponent in squash he knows to expect a particular type of shot
115
define encoding
involves conversion of info into codes. visual, auditory and semantic
116
define retrieval
involves recovering info that is stored
117
define chunking
different pieces of information can be chunked together and remembered as one piece
118
define selective attention
allows relevant information to be filtered through STM and irrelevant information is lost or forgotten
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the three memory stores in Atkinson and Shiffrens model are…
the short term sensory
the short term memory
the long term memory
120
what is the capacity of the short term sensory store?
unlimited
121
what is the capacity of the short term memory?
5-9 items
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what is the capacity of the long term memory?
unlimited
123
define operant conditioning
used trail and error learning to strengthen s-r bonds that are useful and weaken those that aren’t
124
what are the three parts involved in operant conditioning
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
punishment
125
operant coaching - what is postive reinforcement and give an example
praise that strengthens the s-r bond
e.g. a coach telling tennis player their serving is accurate
126
operant conditioning- what is negative reinforcement and give an example
where criticism is removed where previously given meaning athlete realised they are doing well and strengthens s-r bonds
e.g. a coach stops telling swimmer their stroke needs improvement
127
operant conditioning - what is punishment and give an example
the infliction of a penalty due to an offence by an athlete to weaken the not useful s-r bond
e.g. a cricket player is fined for dropped balls in a match to weaken that s-r bond so they stop doing it
128
what are the 4 stages of observational theory of learning
1. attention
2. retention
3. motor production
4. motivation
129
observational theory - explain and give an example of attention
performers need to watch a suitable demonstration of skill at the right difficulty level for them
e.g. a coach shows a gymnast a video demonstration of a somersault with key teaching points
130
observational theory - explain retention and give an example
creating the mental picture of a skill required and practicing it over and over in your mind
e.g a gymnast visualises what a successful somersault looks like and what she needs to do to achieve it
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observational theory - explain motor production and give an example
the physical movement to perform the skill, athlete must have the ability to repeat skill first try of through series of progressions
e.g. gymnast learns to perform skill through progressions…
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observational theory - what is motivation and give an example
the learners need, want or desire to replicate the skilled action
e.g. the gymnast enjoys feeling of accomplishment after learning the skill and coach congratulates her
133
what are thorndikes laws
law of readiness
law of effect
law of excercise
134
thorndikes laws - explain the law of excercise
epeating skills helps strengthen their s-r bonds
the more a skill is practiced the more likely a response will be linked to a stimulis
135
thorndikes laws - explain the law of effect
response followed by a satisfier leads to strengthened s-r bond
response followed by an annoyer leads to weakened s-r bond
136
thorndikes laws - explain the law of readiness
s-r bond strengthened when an individual is ready to learn and is allowed to do so
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example of cognitive learning
learner gets on a bike
try to ride it and falls off
learner grasps insight and outs connections together and will make dramatic improvements
it will ‘click’
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benefits of cognitive learning
kinasthesis and flow of skill is maintained
allows performer to create and develop their own strategy
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negatives of cognitive learning
part learning not considered effective
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the success of retrieval depends on…
depends on how well info is known and how much there is
141
give a practical example of massed practice
a tennis player rehearsing a serve over and over again without a rest period
142
give a practical example of distributed practice
a basketball player doing ten free throws then resting then repeating free throws
143
the advantages of the multi-store memory model are...
simplifies the memory process
explains how those with brain damage may have a dysfunctional memory
144
the disadvantages of the multi-store memory model are....
too simplified
doesn't explain the intercation between LTM and STM
145
the advantages of the craik and lockhart's memory model...
explains that if we understand information we are more likely to remember it
the longer we consider and analyse information the more likely we remember it
146
the disadvantges of the craik and lockhart's memory model...
its difficult to know what deep processing involves
doesn't take into account individual differences
147
define memory trace
when the brain cells retain or store information
