Skill acquisition Flashcards
1
Q
name the types of skill classifications.
A
difficulty (simple/complex) environmental influence (open/closed) pacing (self/externally paced) muscular involvement (gross/fine) continuity (discrete/serial/continuous) organisations (high/low)
2
Q
define the simple and complex skills continuum
A
complex requires many decisions, are difficult to perform and require concentration.
simple skills are straightforward and require hardly and decisions.
3
Q
give an example of a simple skill.
A
a sprint start in swimming.
4
Q
give an example of a complex skill.
A
a pass by a midfielder in hockey
5
Q
what is an open skill?
A
a skill that is effected by the environment and thus predominantly perceptual, movements have to be adapted to the environment.
6
Q
give an example of an open skill.
A
a pass in football
7
Q
what is a closed skill?
A
a skill that is not effected by the environment and a re predominately habitual. They have a defined beginning and end
8
Q
give an example of a closed skill.
A
a three throw in basketball.
9
Q
what are self-paced skills?
A
when the performer controls the rate at which the skill is executed.
10
Q
what are externally paced skills?
A
when the environment controls the rate of performing the skill, it involves reaction.
11
Q
give an example of a self-paced skill.
A
a javelin throw
12
Q
give an example of an externally paced skill.
A
receiving a serve in badminton
13
Q
what is a gross skill?
A
a skill involving large muscle movements. they are not precise and include many fundamental movement patterns.
14
Q
give an example of a gross skill.
A
throwing a shot put
15
Q
what is a fine skill?
A
a skill with more intricate movements using small muscle groups. tend to be more precise and involve more hand-eye coordination.
16
Q
give an example of a fine skill.
A
a snooker shot
17
Q
what is a discrete skill?
A
a skill with a clear beginning and end. It can be repeated but the performer has to start again from the beginning.
18
Q
give an example of a discrete skill.
A
a penalty flick in hockey
19
Q
what is a serial skill?
A
a skill with several elements put together to make a sequence of movements
20
Q
give an example of a serial skill?
A
a triple jump
21
Q
what is a continuous skill?
A
a skill with no obvious beginning or end. The end of one movement is the beginning of the next.
22
Q
give an example of a continuous skill.
A
running or cycling
23
Q
what is a high organisation skill?
A
a skill that is very difficult to split into sub-routines
24
Q
give an example of a highly organised skill.
A
dribbling a basketball
25
what is a low organised skill?
a skill that can easily split into sub-routines.
26
give an example of a low organised skill.
a tennis serve
27
what is the part practice method?
when the skill is low in organisation and can be split down into subroutines. This is useful for complex and serial skills.
28
what are the advantages of part practice?
it reduces the amount of information to be processed, it motivated the learner to be successful with each part of the skill.
29
what are the disadvantages of part practice?
its time consuming and the learner loses kinaesthetic feel.
30
what is whole practice?
when the skill is taught as a whole and is not broken down into sub routines. It is good for skills which are high in organisation and low in complexity.
31
what are the advantages of whole practice?
it allows the learner to feel kinaesthesis, can easily be transferred into a real situation, good for learning ballistic skills, can help the learner learn quickly
32
what are the disadvantages of whole practice?
it is not suitable for complex or dangerous skills.
33
what is whole-part-whole practice?
when the performer attempts the skill as a whole and practices parts in sub-routines then puts the skill together again. good for serial skills and skills low in organisation.
34
advantages of whole-part-whole practice
the learner gets kinaesthetic feel, can recognise strengths and weaknesses, quicker than part practice as only weaker parts are practiced
35
disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice
it is not suitable for highly organised or dangerous skills
36
what is progressive-part practice?
when a serial skill is broken down into sub-routines and learned one at a time then added on to each other - chaining.
37
advantages of progressive-part practice
reduces perceptual load, can help transfer skills to a whole.
38
disadvantages of progressive-part practice
it is time consuming
39
what is fractionisation?
practicing the separate sub-routines of the whole skill
40
What is massed practice?
Continuous practice over a long period of time without breaks but with rest intervals. It stimulates conditions where fatigue is involved.
41
What are the disadvantages of massed practice?
It can be limited to the type of learner, beginners can be affected by the lack of concentration and attention, long sessions can be tiering and lead to Boredom and thus poor performance.
42
What are the advantages of massed practice?
It is useful for simple and discrete skills of short duration, saves time as skills don't have to be reintroduced, good for experienced, highly motivated and physically fit learners, good for grooving in motor skills and making them habitual
43
What is varied practice?
A skill that is practiced in many environments that are realistic conditions. The techniques are adapted to the environment.
44
What are the advantages of varied practice?
Suitable for open skills, can be practiced in a variety of environments, developed scheme, developed learners perceptual and decision making skills.
45
What are he disadvantages of varied practice?
Learners must have established the skills motor program in a fixed practice environment before
46
What is distributed practice?
Practice with rest periods, including physical and mental recovery time. Suitable for continuous tasks requiring repetition of gross skills.
47
What are the advantages of distributed practice?
It's good for beginners and low level learners, rest intervals allow recovery times, maintains performance levels, allows extrinsic feedback. Most effective form of practice.
48
What are the disadvantages of distributed practice?
It's time consuming
49
What is fixed practice?
When specific movement patterns are practiced repeatedly in the same, stable environment. It allows movement patterns to become over learned and habitual.
50
What are the disadvantages of fixed practice?
It's most suited to closed skills that require specific movement patterns to be habitual.
51
What are the disadvantages of fixed practice?
It's not suitable for open skills
52
Give an example of massed practice.
30 minutes of continuous free throws
53
Give an example of varied practice
4V5 passing in football.
54
Give an example of distributed practice
Interval training, gymnastics, rock climbing
55
Give an example of fixed practice
A discus thrower uses fixed practice
56
What is proactive transfer?
Transfer that influences a skill yet to be learned
57
What is retroactive transfer?
Transfer that influences the performance of a previously learned skill
58
What is positive transfer?
Transfer that helps with the performance or learning of another skill
59
What is negative transfer?
Transfer that hinders a skill by he learning or performance of another skill
60
What is bilateral transfer?
Transfer that involves the use of either opposing limb to perform a skill with equal competence
61
Give an example of retroactive transfer.
A forehand hit in tennis is taught on a side position but as the players skills progress, they have a more open stance.
62
Give an example of proactive transfer.
A tennis player learns a basic forehand and backhand which developed onto more advanced shots
63
Give an example of positive transfer.
Throwing a javelin can develops from the experience of throwing a ball.
64
Give an example of negative transfer.
A tennis player uses their whole arm whereas a badminton player uses wrist movements thus if a tennis player plays badminton they would lose tennis skill.
65
Give an example of bilateral transfer.
Being able to use both limbs > kicking a football with their left and right foot accurately.
66
Give key parts of operant conditioning.
Skinner > conditioning with a stimulus (box, rat, lever, reward). Trial and error learning, actions 'shaped' and reinforced.
Rewards reinforce behaviour.
Involves modification of behaviour.
67
What are thorndikes laws?
1. Law of exercise
2. Law of effect
3. Law of readiness
68
What is the law of exercise? Give an example.
Repeating s-r connections is more likely to strengthen them. E.g. A gymnast repeating a floor routine
69
What is the law of effect? Give an example.
Response followed by a satisfied, strengthens s-r bonds. A response followed by an annoyer, weakens s-r bonds. E.g. Rugby player practicing a spin pass and is successful, effect is more likely the player will performs successfully again. If player is unsuccessful the effect is subsequently avoided.
70
What is the law of readiness? Give an example.
The performer Mia by physically and mentally able to complete the task effectively. E.g. A hockey player who has been drilled to performs a particular penalty flick may become predictable. Practice should be stopped for a while and new strategies discussed and practiced.
71
What is social learning theory?
Copying/watching significant others. Copying the skill performed by others motivates learners to achieve success because of drive to be accepted by others.
72
What are the 4 parts of social learning theory?
1. Attention
2. Retention
3. Motor reproduction
4. Motivation
73
What is attention in social learning theory?
The learner needs to focus directly on the model and demonstration, focusing on important cues.
74
What is retention in social learning theory?
The observer must be able to recall the model presented. It produces a mental picture of the process.
75
What is motor reproduction in social learning theory?
The observer must be able to physically imitate the skill being observed. Demonstrations must be matched to the observers capabilities.
76
What is motivation in social learning theory?
The learner must have the drive to match the performance of the modelled skill. External reinforcement may be used.
77
What is congestive theories of learning?
The environment has to be considered, it is whole practice teaching. Previous experiences help with future learning and motor development. Problem solving and decision making skills are developed.
78
What are intervening variables?
Mental processes occurring between the stimulus received and the response.
79
What is insight learning?
Problem solving involving memory. Previous experiences are used to help solve new problems.
80
What is positive reinforcement?
A stimulus given when a desired response occurs (s-r bonds formed)
81
What is negative reinforcement?
A stimulus is withdrawn when the desired response occurs.
82
What is punishment?
Giving a stimulus to prevent a response occurring
83
What is the cognitive learning stage?
The 1st stage of learning, it's where trial and error occurs, it creates mental pictures and has demonstrations and verbal explanations are vital, a kinaesthetic feeling is developed, their is lack of coordination, lack of flow inconsistent and has multiple errors. Specific extrinsic feedback is needed.
84
What is an associative learner?
The 2nd stage of learning, it is longer than the cognitive stage, performers can detect and eliminate errors through internal feedback, a motor program is developed, subroutines are more coordinated. There are fewer errors, less growth, more consistent, smoother skill
85
What is the autonomous learning stage?
The 3rd stage of learning, the learner can execute the skill with minimal conscious thought, a motor program is established and stored in the long-term memory, self confidence is increased and the learning is able to detect and correct their errors, the performance is consistent and habitual, the skill has been groves and overlearned.
86
What are the advantages for visual guidance?
It's easy to create a mental image, enables the skill to be seen in different stages, it encourages observational learning by drawing attention to mental cues.
87
What are the disadvantages of visual guidance?
Incorrect demonstrations lead to bad habits, accurate demonstrations may not be shown, visual representations may be unclear or too quick
88
what is verbal guidance?
when the skill is described and explained to the performer.
89
what are the advantages of verbal guidance?
it can be in the form of feedback to reinforce good movements and identify errors, it can hold the performers attention and motivate them.
90
what are the disadvantages of verbal guidance?
it can lead to information overload, it may be inaccurate and lead to skills developing inaccurately.
91
what is manual guidance?
when the performer is physically directed - 'forced response'
92
what is mechanical guidance?
physical support by a person or mechanical device - 'physical restriction'
93
what are the advantages of mechanical and manual guidance?
there is a greater sense of safety, helps with confidence, isolates important parts of the skill.
94
what are the disadvantages of mechanical and manual guidance?
over-restrictive and lack of control for the performer, it gives a false sense of kinaesthesis.
95
what is positive feedback
when the player is praised following success.
96
what is negative feedback?
feedback that is received when the movement is incorrect it can be intrinsic or extrinsic.
97
what is intrinsic feedback?
a form of sensory feedback about the physical feel of the movement, it is received via internal proprioreceptors
98
what is extrinsic feedback?
it comes from an external source such as a teacher.
99
what is terminal feedback?
it is received as extrinsic feedback after the movement is completed.
100
what is concurrent feedback?
it is received during the performance as intrinsic feedback.
101
what is knowledge of results?
it is being able to look at the result or outcome of the movement and evaluate it, this is extrinsic.
102
what is knowledge of performance?
this concerns the quality of the movement and is intrinsic
103
What should feedback involve?
A limited amount of information, immediacy, be related to the individual, facilitate intrinsic feedback
