Skill Acquisition Flashcards
(95 cards)
1
Q
What is the Visuospatial Sketchpad ?
A
deals with VISUAL + SPATIAL information
- temporary stores information
2
Q
What is Massed practice and when to use ?
A
is continuously practicing skill with rest intervals
- skill is discrete, closed, self-paced and simple
- performer is autonomous and highly motivated
3
Q
What is Visual Guidance ?
A
guidance that can be seen, a demonstration - create a clear image
4
Q
What is Response Time ?
A
time taken from the onset of stimulus to completion of task
= reaction time + movement time
5
Q
What the model which represents Information Processing ?
A
The Whiting Model
6
Q
What is Negative feedback ?
A
is error correction
- what was incorrect - eliminated
7
Q
What is Bilateral transfer of learning ?
A
the learned skill can be passed across the body from limb to limb
- e.g. snooker shot on one hand to the other hand
8
Q
What are the three stages of learning ?
A
They are cognitive, associative and autonomous
9
Q
What feedback suits a Cognitive performer ?
A
- rely on extrinsic feedback from coach
- positive
- knowledge of results
10
Q
What are the three Presentation of Practices ?
A
They are Whole, Whole-part-whole and Progressive part practice
11
Q
What is Anticipation ?
A
is pre-judging a stimulus
1) Temporal - when it is going to happen
2) Spatial - where + what is going to happen
- incorrect anticipation = PRP
12
Q
What is Distributed practice and when to use ?
A
is practice skill with rest intervals
- skill is continuous, serial, open, complex and dangerous
- performer is cognitive, unfit or lack of motivation
13
Q
What are the four stages of leaning plateaus ?
A
1) cognitive stage - trial+error and work out subroutines
2) rapid acceleration in rate of learning - success = cause motivation and reinforcement
3) no improvement due to plateaus (straight line)
4) DRIVE REDUCTION - towards ends tips due to fatigue - need a new challenge/task
14
Q
What is Positive feedback ?
A
is encouragement
- what was correct - se will repeat
15
Q
What the advantages and disadvantages of Whole-part-whole practice ?
A
POSITIVE - whole skill kinaesthetic maintained - weak part able to be improved - increase motivation + confidence - fluency between subroutines NEGATIVE - time consuming - kinaesthetic feeling affected if part not integrated quickly - no highly organised skills can be used
16
Q
What is working Memory ?
A
it processes information from our environment and is controlled in the CENTRAL EXECUTIVE - controls information moving in and out of memory system
- it links with the Long-term memory but has limited capacity
17
Q
How do we store information in our memory ?
A
Males - MENTAL PRACTICE And - ASSOCIATION Females - FOCUS Can - CHUNKING Run - REWARDS Charity - CHAINING Races - REPETITION
18
Q
What are Open and closed skills ?
A
Open - skill performed in an UNPREDICTABLE environment
Closed - skill performed in an PREDICTABLE environment
19
Q
What are the strategies to improve response time ?
A
- practice
- selective attention
- mental rehearsal
- experience
- improve fitness
- warm up
- gain optimum arousal
- detect cues early
- attempt ANTICIPATION
20
Q
What are Simple and Complex skills ?
A
Simple - skill requires LIMITED decisions to be made
Complex - skill requires SERVAL decisions to be made
21
Q
What are Discrete, Serial and Continuous Skills ?
A
Discrete - a skill has a CLEAR beginning and end
Continuous - a skill has NO CLEAR beginning and end
Serial - serval discrete skills performed together
22
Q
What is feedback and the six types ?
A
is information received about performance or to aid error correlation
- positive
- negative
- intrinsic
- extrinsic
- knowledge of results
- knowledge of performance
23
Q
What feedback suits a Autonomous performer ?
A
- use intrinsic feedback - kinaesthetic
- extrinsic can be negative
- use knowledge of performance
24
Q
What are the functions and characteristcs of the WM and LTM ?
A
- WM - limited time scale (30s)
- WM - limited capacity
- WM - initiates action by sending memory trace
- WM - relevant information by selective attention
- LTM - stores information as motor programme
- LTM - unlimited capacity and time
- LTM - sends motor programme to WM
25
How to develop Schema ?
- varied practice - experience
- skills are transferable to game situation
- feedback to improve skill
- praise + positive reinforcement
- practice range of skills
26
What are the stages of the Schema theory ?
1) RECALL schema
- initial conditions
- response specification
2) RECOGNITION schema
- sensory consequences
- response outcome
27
What is a Plateaus ?
is a period of no improvement in performance
28
What is Manual Guidance ?
guidance that involves physical support
29
What is Verbal Guidance ?
guidance thats a explanation of the techniques required for performing a task
30
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Manual Guidance ?
```
POSITIVE
- effective for cognitive
- eliminate danger
- build confidence
- kinaesthetic can be felt
- whole skill attempted
NEGATIVE
- performer may become dependent on the support.
- demotivated
- the proximity of the coach might be upsetting.
- bad habits.
```
31
What feedback suits a Associative performer ?
- develop kinaesthetic - intrinsic feedback
- extrinsic feedback to refine skill
- begin to use knowledge of performance
32
What is Hick's Law ?
reaction time increases (slower), as the number of choices increases
33
Whats involved in the INPUT stage of Information Processing ?
information is picked up from the senses ( from display e.g. opponent) using the RECEPTORS SYSTEMS
- Vision
- Hearing
- Touch
- Proprioception
- Kinaesthetic
34
What is Whole-part-whole practice and when to use it ?
is attempting the skill as a whole then practicing one subroutine (weakness) and attempting as a whole again
- skill is complex, fast and ballistic
- performer is cognitive and autonomous
35
What is Knowledge of results (KR) feedback ?
is concerning the outcome
| - skill was successful ?
36
What is the SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT theory ?
is learning through interaction - learning by association with other - social development
1) Role of social interaction
- inter-psychological learning - from other by watching
- intra-psychological learning - constructivism actions based on learning from others
2) MKO - more knowledgeable others
- person who has a greater understanding of task + gives you advice
3) Zone of Proximal development
- what can i achieve alone ?
- what can i achieve with help ?
- what can i not achieve yet ?
37
Description Cognitive stage of learning ?
- performer begins to create clear image
- accurate demonstration is necessary
- many mistakes made
- trial and error method
- movement jerky and uncoordinated
- no motor programme formed
38
What are the characteristics of a skill ?
```
L - learned
A - accurate
CATS - controlled
GET - goal directed
A - aesthetically pleasing
FISH - fluent
CONSISTENTLY - consistently
EVERY - efficient
SATURDAY - smooth
EVENING - economical
```
39
What are Gross and Fine skills ?
Gross - skill performed using LARGE muscle groups
| Fine - skill performed using SMALLER muscle groups
40
Description Associative stage of learning ?
- continue to practice skill
- start to compared to skilled athletes
- make few mistakes
- movement smoother and coordinated
- start to focus on fine aspects
- motor programme developed
41
What is Psychological refractory Period (PRP) ?
states their is a delay when the second stimulus is presented before the first stimulus has been processed
- increase reaction time (slower)
- e.g. tennis go for volley then the ball hits the net
42
What is Negative transfer of learning ?
the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
- e.g. forearm in tennis to forearm in badminton
43
Whats involved in the DECISION MAKING stage of Information Processing ?
1) PERCEPTUAL MECHANISM - INTERPRETS information from display/environment
- D - Detection - detect appropriate stimulus
- C - Comparison - matching stimulus to memory (LTM)
- R - Recognition - choosing appropriate response
- Selective attention occurs
2) TRANSLATORY MECHANISM - Uses gathered information to make a DECISION
44
What is Variable practice and when to use ?
is practicing the skill in a changing environment
- skill is open, externally-paced and complex
- performer is cognitive and lack of motivation
45
What the advantages and disadvantages of Whole practice ?
POSITIVE
- not time consuming
- develops kinaesthetic feeling (awareness)
- easily transfer to game situation
- fluent between subroutines - consistent
NEGATIVE
- difficult for cognitive performers
- could cause fatigue and overload
- have to be physically capable for producing whole skill
46
What the advantages and disadvantages of Mental practice ?
```
POSITIVE
- clear image
- see success
- rehearse tactics and strategies
- improve reaction time + confidence
NEGATIVE
- must be accurate
- difficult in loud environment
```
47
What is Information Processing ?
the method by which data from environment are collected and utilised
1) Input Stage
2) Decision making
3) Output stage
4) Feedback
48
How can a coach encourage positive transfer of learning ?
- make the practice environment like the game situation (realistic and relevant)
- give praise and positive encouragement if positive transfer occurs
- over-learn first skill before introducing the second skill
- avoid opportunities for bad habits to develop e.g. teaching skill close together
49
Define Skill ?
the learned ability to bring about pre-determined results with minimum outlay of energy, time or both
50
What is Mechanical Guidance ?
guidance involves a device/artificial aid
51
What the advantages and disadvantages of Distributed practice ?
```
POSITIVE
- more effective than massed
- allow time for recovery
- mental practice
- coach can give feedback
NEGATIVE
- time consuming
- cause negative transfer
```
52
What the advantages and disadvantages of Progressive part practice ?
POSITIVE
- rest reduces chance of fatigue
- aid understanding of each part
- motivation from success
- danger reduced
NEGATIVE
- time consuming
- no highly organised skills can be used
- kinaesthetic feeling not experience till the end
- fluency negatively affected - negative transfer
53
What is the Phonological Loop ?
deals with the AUDITORY information e.g. sound
- temporary stores information
- send to long-term memory to trigger the motor programme
54
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Verbal Guidance ?
```
POSITIVE
- can be given immediately
- conjunction with visual guidance
- useful for open skills to adapt and make decisions
NEGATIVE
- too much information might cause overload
- performer might lose concentration.
- the language could be too complex.
```
55
What are the Causes and Solution of Plateaus ?
```
CAUSES
- lack of motivation
- boredom
- poor coaching
- limited of ability
- fatigue
- incorrect goal setting
SOLUTIONS
- new challenge
- variable practice
- alternative coach/coaching methods
- complete against similar abilities
- SMARTER principle
```
56
What are the three theories about factors that influence response time ?
1) Hick's Law
2) Single-Channel Hypothesis
3) Psychological refractory Period (PRP)
57
Whats involved in the FEEDBACK stage of Information Processing ?
once the motor programme is put into action, both intrinsic and extrinsic occur
58
What is Selective Attention and how does it improve performance ?
is filtering out relevant information from irrelevant information and improve performance by :
- aids concentration
- improve reaction time
- filter out distractions
- control arousal levels
- reduce chance of information overload
59
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Visual Guidance ?
```
POSITIVE
- provide clear idea of skill
- mental practice
- highlights weaknesses
- conjunction with verbal guidance
NEGATIVE
- too much information might be given at once.
- demonstration must be accurate.
- performer might not be capable of matching the demonstration.
```
60
What is Whole practice and when to use it ?
is practicing the skill in its entirely (not broken-down)
- skill is simple, discrete, fast, ballistic, continuous and highly organised
- performer is autonomous
61
What are the three 'Slave' systems of the working memory ?
1) Phonological Loop
2) Visuospatial Sketchpad
3) Episodic Buffer
62
What is the OPERANT CONDITIONING theory ?
leaning the skill through the use of reinforcement to ensure correct responses are repeated
- based on link between stimulus + response (S-R bond)
- coach should :
1) trial and error
2) manipulate environment
3) offer a SATISFER or ANNOYER to shape behaviour
- positive reinforcement e.g. praise
- negative reinforcement e.g. stop shouting
- punishment - eliminate incorrect action
63
What is the INSIGHT LEARNING theory ?
aims to develop learning the skill by understanding the relationship between the subroutines through experiencing the whole task rather than part leaning
e. g. 3000m - develop tactics
- positive effect on performance :
1) promote understanding
2) develop ability to think
3) give motivation + satisfaction
4) concentrate on whole skill
64
What is Reaction Time ?
time taken from onset of stimulus to onset of the response
65
What does the memory system do ?
it stores and retrieves information, makes comparisons with previous movement experiences and selects which motor programme to retrieve in order to produce movement
66
What is Zero transfer of learning ?
the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another skill
- e.g. swimming to climbing
67
What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Mechanical Guidance ?
```
POSITIVE
- effective for cognitive
- eliminate danger
- build confidence
- kinaesthetic can be felt
- whole skill attempted
NEGATIVE
- performer may become dependent on the support.
- demotivated
- create incorrect kinaesthetic feeling
- bad habits.
```
68
Description Autonomous stage of learning ?
- movement is fluent, efficient and aesthetic pleasing
- skill executed automatically
- motor programme fully developed
- long term memory
- concentrate on tactics
- still need to practice to stay at level
69
What is the Recognition schema stage ?
is control and evaluates the movement
1) SENSORY CONSEQUENCE - information about feel of the movement - intrinsic feedback/Kinaesthetic
2) RESPONSE OUTCOME - the feedback about the results - gathering information concerning results
70
Whats involved in the OUTPUT stage of Information Processing ?
is when the skill is produced.
1) EFFECTOR MECHANISMS - TRANSFER decision via nervous system to the muscle to complete the action
2) MUSCULAR SYSTEM - receive impulse which cause muscular contraction
71
What is the transferring of learning ?
the effect of leaning and performance of one skill on leaning and performance of another skill
- positive
- negative
- zero
- bilateral
72
What is Intrinsic feedback ?
is from within
| - sense of kinaesthetic feeling
73
What the advantages and disadvantages of Massed practice ?
```
POSITIVE
- improve fitness
- motor programmes formed
- over-learned skill = habit
NEGATIVE
- no time for feedback
- cause fatigue
- have to be physically capable for practice
```
74
Whats involved in the INPUT stage of Information Processing ?
information is picked up from the senses ( from display) using the RECEPTORS SYSTEMS
- Vision
- Hearing
- Touch
- Equilibrium
- Kinaesthetic
75
What are Highly-organised and Low-organised skills ?
Highly-organised - skill that is DIFFICULT to BREAKDOWN into subroutines
Low-organised - skill that is EASY to BREAKDOWN into subroutines
76
What does the Long-term memory do ?
stores coded information form the environment - received from the working memory
- memory traces can be compared in the LTM- unlimited capacity
77
What is the Episodic Buffer ?
```
stores chunks (episodes) of information
- sequences in WM to the LTM
```
78
What is the Schema theory (Schmidt) ?
a generalised motor programme that allows performers to adapt their skills and transfer experience of one skill to another
- brain is unable to store and retrieve every individual pass separated in the LTM - instead store a schema
79
What is Extrinsic feedback ?
is from a outside source
| - gain a different view - coach
80
What is Single-Channel Hypothesis ?
states that only one stimulus can be processed at once. second stimulus has to wait till the first one has finished (bottleneck)
81
What are the two types of reaction time ?
1) Simple - one stimulus and one response (low RT)
| 2) Choice - serval stimulus and serval responses (high RT)
82
What the advantages and disadvantages of Variable practice ?
```
POSITIVE
- increase motivation
- develop schema
- experience in range of conditions
- positive transfer
NEGATIVE
- time consuming
- cause fatigue
- negative transfer
- maybe information overload
```
83
What is Movement Time ?
time taken from onset of movement to completion of task
84
What is Progressive part practice and when to use it ?
practicing the first subroutine then gradually adding parts to whole skill - known as chaining
- skill is complex, serial, low organised and dangerous
- performer is cognitive
85
What is the Recall schema stage ?
is storing information about and initiates the movement
1) INITIAL CONDITIONS - information from the environment and whether been in situation before
2) RESPONSE SPECIFICATION - information about what to do - what movement to perform
86
What is Positive transfer of learning ?
the learning of one skill helps the learning of another skill
- e.g. netball pass to basketball pass
87
What are the four methods of guidance ?
They are Visual, Verbal, Manual and Mechanical
88
what are the four type of practices ?
They are massed, distributed, variable and mental practice.
89
What are Self-paced and Externally-paced skills ?
Self-paced - performer CONTROLS the speed and timing of the skill
Externally-paced - performer NO CONTROLS the speed or timing of the skill
90
What is Mental practice and when to use ?
is going through the skill in the mind without movement
- skill is complex and serial
- performer either autonomous (focus) or cognitive (build image)
91
What is the OBSERVATIONAL LEARNING theory ?
is learning acceptable/unacceptable behaviour by watching and coping other people
- more likely to be coped if demonstration by similar ability, action reinforced/successful and consistent/relevant
1) ATTENTION - demonstration is accurate + attractive
2) RETENTION - remembering through clear image + able to recall it
3) MOTOR PRODUCTION - mental/physically ability to do the task
4) MOTIVATION - having the drive to do task - praise
92
What are the Purposes of feedback ?
- reinforces correct actions
- correct errors
- improve confidence
- gives motivation
- eliminates bad habits
93
What is Knowledge of performance (KP) feedback ?
is about technique
| - why skill had certain outcome ?
94
What are the Strategies to improve SELECTIVE ATTENTION?
- increase intensity of the stimulus e.g. ball brighter
- increase fitness levels/reduce fatigue to lengthen attention span
- Practice with distractions to increase ability to block out distractions
- increase time to react - slow stimulus down
95
How does CHUNKING/CHAINING improve the decision making process ?
- there are fewer single pieces of information to be processed which improves working memory recalling information from LTM faster
