skill acquisition key terms Flashcards
(43 cards)
Associative stage of learning
the second stage of learning where a motor programme becomes established through practice and gross error detection, feedback and correction (Fitts and Posner)
Autonomous stage of learning
the third stage o f learning where a motor programme is performed “automatically” without conscious thought, thus becoming habitual (Fitts and Posner)
classical conditioning
an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) is paired with a conditioned stimulus (CS) to create a conditioned response (CR) - Pavlov
closed loop
a control system which appears to be self-regulating which involves feedback and a reference of correction during movement
command style (coaching)
a coaching style where the coach makes all the decisions, while the athlete is expected to follow directions
guided discovery (coaching)
a coaching style where the athlete is guided in order to achieve an outcome. the athlete/learner discovers a solution through task experiences
problem solving (coaching)
a coaching style where a problem is set and the athlete/leaner finds the answer
reciprocal (coaching)
a coaching style where both the coach and the athlete/learner work together ad have equal input to achieve mutual advantage
cognitive stage of learning
the first stage of learning, where cognitive, intellectual ability, is paramount in forming a motor programme through internalising information, discovery and initial practice (Fitts and Posner)
continuous skill
a movement with no clear beginning and end. one end phase of the movement blends into the start of the next phase of the cycle - e.g. running
discrete skill
a movement with a clear beginning and end - e.g. long jump
distributed practice
a form of practice which includes periods of rest between trials
externally paced skill
a skill for which the timing and form are determined by factors outside the control of the performer - e.g. a sprint start
feedback
any information received by the learner during or after a performance about the performance
fixed practice
a form of practice that involves defined responses to a stimulus in order to reinforce the correct movement. Practice conditions and requirements remain the same
generalised motor programme
the basic form of each movement stored in the LTM. Modifications may be made to meet the specific parameters which define exactly how the movement is to be executed on each occasion
guidance
information to aid the learning of a skill. This information can be given visually, verbally, manually and mechanically
Hick’s law
relationship between the number of choices and reaction time. The more choices there are available, the slower the reaction time: as the number of choices increases, so does the reaction time
internally paced skill
a skill for which initiation and timing is determined by the performer - e.g. a tennis serve
long term memory (LTM)
the third compartment of the memory model: a relatively permanent storage of large amounts of information. Capacity is theoretically unlimited
massed practice
practice that occurs without rest between trials
motor programme
an abstract code or generalised series of movements stored in the LTM
movement time
time from the start of the response or movement to the completion of the movement
open loop
a control system with predetermined set of instructions to perform a motor skill while feedback or an error detection process is available. No adjustments during the performance of a motor skill can be made
