Skill Aquisition Flashcards
(29 cards)
what is a skill?
leaned ability to bring about predetermined results with a maximum of certainty, often with a maximum outlay of time or energy, or both
what are the three types of skills?
cognitive
perceptual
motor
what is a cognitive skill?
involving primarily the brain e.g. reading
what is a perceptual skill?
involving how an individual interprets stimuli
what is a motor skill?
involving physical movement
Muscular involvement continuum
GROSS - FINE
Gross:
- strength, endurance and power (e.g. netball pass)
Fine:
- speed, accuracy and efficiency (e.g. badminton serve)
Environmental Continuum
OPEN - CLOSED
Open:
- affected by the environment, perceptual skills, externally-paced (e.g. football goal keeper save in open play)
Closed:
- stable, predictable environment (e.g. shot putt)
Continuity continuum
DISCRETE - SERIAL - CONTINUOUS
Discrete:
- clear beginning and end, no linkage to other skills (e.g. javelin throw)
Serial:
- number of discrete skills, linked together in phases (e.g. triple jump)
Continuous:
- cannot be split up into sub-routines, last a relatively long time (e.g. 10km run)
Pacing continuum
EXTERNALLY-PACED - SELF-PACED
Externally:
- speed and precision are controlled by the environment, opposition or weather (e.g.sailing)
Self:
- rate of action and start is controlled by the performer (e.g. deadlift)
Difficulty continuum
SIMPLE - COMPLEX
Simple:
- few decisions made, few subroutines, little concentration needed (e.g. passing the ball in training)
Complex:
- complicated, lots of concentration needed, lots of subroutines (e.g. passing the ball in a game situation)
Organizational continuum
LOW ORGANISATION - HIGH ORGANISATION
Low:
- uncomplicated, easily split-up, more step-by-step (e.g. long jump)
High:
- complex, subroutines overlap or closely linked, require more concentration (e.g. cycling)
What is proactive transfer?
a transfer which influences a skill, yet to be learned
What is retroactive transfer?
when a skill influences one that you have already learned
What is postive transfer?
when a skill enhances the learning or performance in another skill
What is negative transfer?
transfer which may hinder the learning or performance of another skill so needs eliminating. It leads to the formation of poor habits and inhibits skill learning
What is bilateral transfer?
the encouragement of limb to limb transfer (e.g. right to left foot)
Negatives of transfers?
how to reduce the negative effects of transfers?
what are the methods of presenting practice?
part
whole
whole-part-whole
progressive-part
what are the types of practice?
massed
varied
distributed
fixed
mental rehearsal
what is part practice? (pros and cons)
- individual elements of a skill split up and practiced separately
+ good for beginners
+ low organizational/serial skills
+ dangerous skills
- needs whole skill demonstrated first
- time consuming
- no kinaesthesis
what is whole practice? (pros and cons)
- whole action repeated
+ experienced athletes
+ high-organizational skills
+ quick
+ builds kinaesthesis
- dangerous skills are unsuitable
- not for beginners
what is whole-part-whole practice? (pros and cons)
- whole action is performed, then single elements are practiced and then the whole action is performed again
+ builds kinaesthesis
+ easy to target weaknesses in subroutines
+ relatively quick
- dangerous as the whole action is performed initially
- not suitable for highly organized skills
what is progressive part practice? (pros and cons)
- isolating parts then linking more parts together over time
+ good for serial skills
+ reduces overload
+ builds motor programmes quickly
+ builds flow
- time consuming
- demotivating
