skill aquisition Flashcards
(43 cards)
what is a motor skill
an activity that involves voluntary muscular movement with the correct degree of muscular control, to complete a reasonably complex task
what is a subroutine
components/parts of a skill
what is a skilled movement
occurs when all the subroutines of a skill are performed in the correct sequence with the correct timing
what is a motor program
a set of instructions held in memory that is sent to muscles and results in movement
fine and gross motor skills
- fine motor skills involve greater precision in the control of small muscles
- gross motor skills involve movements of large parts of the body or the whole body
types of motor skills
- Discrete: skills that have a distinct beginning and end point
- Continuous : skills that are repetitive and don’t have a clear beginning and end point
- serial : a combination of both
open and closed skills
open skills are performed in an unpredictable environment and are externally paced
closed skills are performed in a predictable environment where the timing of the movements is controlled
cognitive, associative and autonomous learners :
cognitive : understanding. the beginner learner. they make a large number of errors and require a high attentional demand.
associative : practice stage. the athlete becomes more familiar with the skill and can refine the accuracy and consistency.
autonomous : automatic stage. requires little to no conscious thought. effortless movements and timing.
factors affecting skill acquisition :
- age & maturity
- gender
- genetics
- motivation
- quality of coaching
massed and distributed practice
massed practice entails practicing a skill consistently and continuously without breaks until the skill has been learned
distributed practice consists of short, frequent practice sessions interspersed with intervals
whole and part practice
whole practice involves learning a skill in its entirety.
part practice is learning the skill broken down into subroutines.
progressive - part method is a combination of both
fixed and variable practice
fixed practice is when the movement skill is practiced over and over and the environment doesn’t change
variable practice is used best for open skills and involves practicing in various situations. develops schema
what is schema
schema are rules which an athlete learns in order to execute skills in different environments and situations
information processing model
input > decision making > output > feedback
receiving information
cues : any piece of information received from the environment is a cue
noise : irrelevant information
selective attention : a performers ability to block out any irrelevant information and attend to the relevant cues
senses
vision - allows the performer to follow moving projectiles, the ability to judge the distance and direction of an object
equilibrium (balance) : the internal sense that tells you that your body is in balance and under control
proprioception (touch) : gives awareness of muscular movements as well as joints and tendons
hearing : important for listening to cues
what is signal detection and what are the factors that influence it
the determination of wether a cue is present or not
-size
-distance
-colour
-light
-speed
-time the object is in view
-pitch and loudness
-any interfering noise
-duration
what is orienting
directing attention to the correct part of the environment for information
what is reaction time, movement time and response time ?
reaction time is the amount of time between a stimulus and the first movement initiated in response to it
movement time begins when the body has started reacting and finishes when the movement is finished
response time is combined reaction and movement time
what is simple and choice reaction time
simple reaction time is when there is only one stimulus to react to
choice reaction time is when there is more than one stimulus and the athlete has to choose the correct one to respond to
factors influencing reaction time
- number of stimulus response alternatives
-age
-gender
-intensity of stimulus
-the probability of a stimulus occurring
-the presence or absence of warning of signals
-signal detection
-previous experience
-selective attention
-the psychological refractory period
-stimulus response compatibility
-mental fatigue
memory encoding, storage and recall
encoding : meaning from sensory input
storage : where info is stored and the capacity
recall : accessing information when needed
short term sensory storage
- 1sec
- infinite capacity
- info from all senses
- relevant info > short term
short term memory
- 60 seconds
- 5-9 pieces of info
- can be improved by chunking
