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Skill Aquisition Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

what is an open skill

A

Unpredictable environment

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2
Q

what is a closed skill

A

predictable environment

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3
Q

what is a discrete skill

A

have a clear begining and end

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4
Q

what is a continuous skill

A

no clear beginning or end,part of a sub-routine

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5
Q

what is a serial skill

A

skill that contains several discrete skills to form a complete movement

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6
Q

what is a gross skill

A

a skill that uses large muscle groups

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7
Q

what is a fine skill

A

a skill that uses smaller muscle groups

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8
Q

what is a self paced skill

A

the performer controls the speed at which the skill is performed

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9
Q

what is a externally paced skill

A

performer has no control over the speed of the skill

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10
Q

what is a high organised skill

A

a skill that is not easily broken down into parts

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11
Q

what is a low organised skill

A

a skill that is easily broken down into parts

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12
Q

what is a simple skill

A

a skill that requires few decisions when being performed

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13
Q

what is a complex skill

A

a skill that requires many decisions when being performed

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14
Q

what is a skill

A
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15
Q

what is positive transfer

A

when the learning of one skill aids in the learning of another

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16
Q

what is negative transfer

A

when the learning of one skill hinders the learning of another

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17
Q

what is zero transfer

A

when the learning of one skill has no impact on another skill

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18
Q

what is bilateral transfer

A

the leaning of one skilled is passed across the body(limb to limb)

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19
Q

what is whole practise

A

practising the skill in its entirety

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20
Q

what are the advantages to whole practise

A

-helps create images in the motor programmes
-create consistency
-more realistic so increase positive transfer

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21
Q

what are the disadvantages to whole practise

A

-diffcult to break down the skill
-create fatigue

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22
Q

what is whole-part-whole practise

A

asessing the skill then identifying a weakness to practise then putting it all together

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23
Q

what are the advantages and disadvantages to whole-part-whole practise

A

Advantages-identifies the weakness and corrects it and provides motivation

Disadvantages-can create negative transfer when put back together

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24
Q

what is progressive part practise (chaining)

A

practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually

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25
what are the advantages of progressive part practise
-gives motivation -reduces demands,fatigue and danger -focuses on weaknesses -stages of success
26
what are the disadvantages of progressive part practise
-time consuming -neglect the feel of the task -negative transfer may occcur
27
methods of presenting practise
-whole -whole-part-whole -progressive part practise
28
types of practise
-massed practise -distributed practise -varied practise -mental practise
29
what is massed practise
Has no rest intervals so continuous
30
advantages of massed practise
-forms motor programmes -increases fitness -player can repeat the skill repeatably
31
disadvantages of massed practise
-fatigue -no time for feedback -chance of negative feedback if not related
32
what is distributed practise
Rest intervals are in practise
33
what are the advantages of distributed practise
-allows recovery -allows feedback,mental rehearsal -less mental pressure
34
what are the disadvantages of distributed practise
-time consuming -negative feedback
35
what is varied practise
changing the type of practise by skills or drills
36
advantages to varied practise
-builds a schema -motivation -allows adaptation
37
disadvantages to varied practise
- chance of negative feedback -fatigue -demanding
38
what is mental practise
going over the skill in the mind withought movement
39
advantages of mental practise
-forms motor programmes -builds confidence -reduces anxiety
40
disadvantages of mental practise
-environment needs to be calm -must be correct
41
what are the stages of learning
1.cognitive stage 2.associative stage 3.autonomous stage
42
what is the cognitive stage
-first stage and is used by a novice -no motor programmes with slow and un-coordinated movement -trial and error with extrinsic feedback
43
what is the associative stage
-second stage of learning and used by a performer -motor programmes are developing with smoother movement -more intrinsic movement and trial and error is still used
44
what is the autonomous stage
-final stage and used by experts -motor programmes are fully formed with detailed and automatic control
45
positive feedback
encouragement
46
negative feedback
error correction
47
extrinsic feedback
from outside
48
intrinsic feedback
from within
49
knowledge of results
indication if the skill was successful
50
knowledge of performance
about technique and why it went wrong or right
51
what is a learning plateau
where there is no improvement in the performance
52
what are the causes of learning plateau
-lack of motivation -boredom -coaching -limit of abiliity -targets too low -fatigue
53
What are the solutions to a learning plateau
-task extended with new goals and tasks -new coach to raise performance -more reinforcement/motivation -rests -varied practise so no boredom -feedback to help improve
53
what is visual guidance
guidance that is demonstrated/seen
54
advantages to verbal guidance
-highlight the weakness -create mental image
55
disadvantages of verbal guidance
-must be completely accurate so not copied wrong -too much information to process
56
what is verbal guidance
Using words to explain the task
57
advantages of verbal guidance
-helps create mental image -used by all performers
58
disadvantages of verbal guidance
-cause confusion -loose concentration -needs feedback to be clear
59
what is manual guidance
physically supporting the performer
60
disadvanatges and advantages of manual guidance
Advantages -less dangerous -builds confidence and less fear Disadvantages -may depend on it too much
61
what is mechancal guidance
Uses artificial aid
62
advantages and disadvantages of mechanical guidance
advantages -boosts confidence -eliminates danger disadvantages -might depend on it too much -motivation lost if cant do it itself
63
what is operant conditioning/behaviourist theory
Aims to shape/modify behavior by using reinforcement (positive or negative reinforcement) or punishment
64
what is positive reinforcement
a pleasant stimulus after the correct response
65
what is negative reinforcement
taking away an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response
66
what is punishment in operant conditioning
an unpleasant stimulus after the correct response
67
what is observational learning (Bandura)
a performer is more likely to copy a model demonstration with these four processes -attention -retention -motor production -motivation
68
what are the stages of observational learning
1.Attention-making the demonstration attractive 2.Retention-remembering the demonstration and being able to recall it 3.motor production-having the mental/physical ability to do the task 4.motivation-having the drive to do the task
69
social development theory
learning by association with others then the skills are developed by the intra-psychological learning where thy learn from within after the gaining the external knowledge
70
Constructivism:Vygotsky
Building up learning in stages by 1.what can i do alone 2.what can i do with help 3.what can i not do yet these are called the zone of proximal development
71
insight learning
Using experience to solve problems and concentrating on the whole skill
72
Information processing
INPUT-senses pick up info from the display DECISION MAKING-using selective attention to filter irrelevant info PERCEPTION-process of organising and interpreting sensory info TRANSLATORY MECHANISM-converting info so decisions can be made by using past experiences to compare with new image. OUTPUT/EFFECTOR MECHANISM-Network of nerves that send coded impulses to muscle so once recieved can contract FEEDBACK
73
what is schema therory
Adapting existing motor programmes then a set of movement to develop a skill Recall schema Initial conditions-info from evironment response specification-info about what to do Recognition schema sensory consequence-info about the feel of movement response outcome-feedback about the result
74
reaction time
time taken from the onset of the stimulus to the onset of the response, no movement
75
movement time
time taken to complete the task
76
response time
time taken from the onset of a stimulus to the completion of a task
77
simple reaction time
one response to one stimulus
78
choice reaction time
choosing from numerous stimuli
79
what is hicks law
as the number of choices increase so does the reaction time
80
the single-channel hypothesis
stimuli can only be processed one at a time
81
psychological refractory period
the delay when a second stimulus is presented before the first has been processed
81
anticipation
pre-judging a stimulus
81
what is anticipation is split into
temporal anticipation-when is it going to happen spatial anticipation-where and what is going happen
81
the memory system
central executive-the control centre and uses other systems to control the info. phonological loop-deals with auditory info visuospatial sketchpad-uses sight and spatial info episode buffer-coordinates the sight,hearing and movement info from the working memory, sent to long term memory long term memory-recieves info from working memory and has unlimited capacity for motor programmes

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