skill characteristics and their impact on transfer and practice

Question 1

skill

Answer 1

the learned ability to bring about predetermined results with the minimum outlay of time, energy or both

Question 2

open skill

Answer 2

a skill performed in an unpredictable environment

Question 3

closed skill

Answer 3

a skill performed in a predictable environment

Question 4

what is ACEFACE

Answer 4

• aesthetic
• consitent
• effortless
• fluent
• accurate
• controlled
• economical

Question 5

how do we now if someone is able to perform something to a high standard

Answer 5

they show the qualities of ACEFACE

Question 6

what is the skill continua

Answer 6

it is a way of grouping or classifying skill that are based on the same criteria, for example running and time trial cycling with both be continuous skills

Question 7

what is a gross skill

Answer 7

a skill that uses large muscle groups

Question 8

what is a fine skill

Answer 8

a skill that uses smaller muscle groups

Question 9

what is an example of a closed skill

Answer 9

shot put

Question 10

what is an example of a gross skill

Answer 10

a tackle in rugby

Question 11

what is an example of a open skill

Answer 11

a pass in a team game

Question 12

what is a externally - paced skill

Answer 12

when the performer has no control over the start and the speed of the skill

Question 13

what is a self - paced skill

Answer 13

when the performer controls that start and the speed of the skill

Question 14

what is a discrete skill

Answer 14

a skill that has a clear beginning and end

Question 15

what is a sub - routine

Answer 15

the actions that from the parts of a skill such as grip, trunk rotation and arm swing in a tennis return.

Question 16

what is a serial skill

Answer 16

a skill that contains several discrete skills in order to make a more integrated movement

Question 17

what is a low organised skill

Answer 17

a skill that is easily broken into parts

Question 18

what are the 4 types of transfer of learning

Answer 18

• positive transfer
• negative transfer
• zero transfer
• bilateral transfer

Question 19

what is positive transfer and give one example

Answer 19

• when the learning of one skill helps the learning of another
• the netball pass has a similar action to that of a pass that may be taken in basketball, making that these two skills are transferable, thus meaning it is an example of a positive transfer

Question 20

what is transfer of learning

Answer 20

the effect of the learning and performance of one skill on the learning and performance of another

Question 21

what is negative transfer and give one example

Answer 21

• when learning of one skill hinders the learning of another skill
• the learning of a tennis serve, may have a negative impact on that of a badminton serve due to one being a wrist action and the other recurring the whole body, meaning it could detriment the ability of a badminton players serve, if they started doing tennis serves

Question 22

what is zero transfer and give one example

Answer 22

• when the learning of one skill has no impact on the learning of another
• for example if someone was a cyclist and a tennis player none of the skills that they learn from each of the sports is going to have a positive impact on the other

Question 23

what is bilateral transfer and give one example

Answer 23

• when the learning of one skill is passed across the body from one limb to another
• the action of a football shot, as one my take it off their right foot and be able to take it off their left foot, showing the ability of bilateral transfer

Question 24

what are the steps that can be taken, by you and your coach to ensure positive transfer

Answer 24

ensuring, that aids, such as a tackle bag may be replaced with real people in small sided games, to encourage tackling, that is a skill that is going to be needed to be replicated in the game

Question 25

what is the definition of whole practice

Answer 25

practising the skill in it's entirety

Question 26

what are the 6 scenarios, where the coach may choose to use whole practice

Answer 26

- the skill is fast, ballistic and discrete - the skill is highly organised - the skill is simple and does not require much thought - the feel (kinaesthesis) of the whole task is required as the learner develops and is ready to perform the whole task - the performer is advanced in the autonomous stage of learning, - the links between sub - routines need to be maintained

Question 27

what is a continuous skill

Answer 27

- A continuous skill is one which has no clear beginning or end but is more a cycle of movements repeated over and over again

Question 28

what is a highly organised skill

Answer 28

- a skill that is not easily broken into parts

Question 29

what is a simple skill and give one example

Answer 29

- a skill that requires few decisions when being performed - a forward roll

Question 30

what is a complex skill and give one example

Answer 30

- a skill that requires decision making using lots of Information When performed - a dribble in hockey, due to the player having to focus on the position of other players, in other to realise when to go round them

Question 31

what is whole-part-whole practice

Answer 31

assessing the skill, identifying a weakness to practise then putting the skill back together

Question 32

what are advantages of whole-part-whole practice (state 3)

Answer 32

- can help to provide motivation, when a long standing weakness is overcome - it provides immediate feedback - it also helps to maintain the feel for the whole skill and the transitions between each part of it

Question 33

what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice (state 2)

Answer 33

- it can create negative transfer unless integrated back into the full skill seamlessly - it is a more time consuming process than just practicing the whole skill

Question 34

what is progressive part practice

Answer 34

practising the first part of the skill then adding parts gradually, sometimes called chaining

Question 35

what are the advantages of progressive part practice (state 3)

Answer 35

- allows the learner to focus on one aspect of the task and can potentially correct specific weakness - allows the learner to rest so fatigue does not massively impact the skill - allows the coach or player to focus on specific issues of key aspects of the task

Question 36

what are disadvantages of progressive part practice (state 3)

Answer 36

- can be time consuming - may ignore the links between each sub-routine - there is a risk that there could be negative transfer between each part of the skill.

Question 37

what is massed practice

Answer 37

no rest intervals during the practice session

Question 38

what are the advantages to massed practice (state 3 )

Answer 38

- it promotes fitness - helps the performer learn how to perform the skill under high levels of fatigue - it is a efficient use of time

Question 39

what are the disadvantages of massed practice (state 2)

Answer 39

- can lead to high levels of fatigue - high demands on the player, so should keep it simple

Question 40

what is distributed practice

Answer 40

rest intervals are given during the practice session

Question 41

what are the advantages of distributed practice (state 3)

Answer 41

- helps to take the pressure of a performer - allows for feedback to be given in the rests - allows the coach time to praise the performer which may help with motivation

Question 42

what are the disadvantages of distributed practice (state 3)

Answer 42

- does not allow for fast progression - can be time consuming - there is a chance that negative transfer could happen after the rest interval if the coach doesn't integrate the skill properly

Question 43

what is varied practice

Answer 43

changing the practice type and the practice drills

Question 44

what are the advantages of varied practice (state 3)

Answer 44

- allows the players to adapt there skills to changing environments - the variation, stops the players becoming bored and de-motivated (eliminates tedium) - allows sub-routines to be created

Question 45

what are the disadvantages of varied practice (state 3)

Answer 45

- more time consuming - increase the risk of negative transfer - the demand on the player, may become to high increasing fatigue

Question 46

what is mental practice

Answer 46

- going over the skill in the mind without movement