Skin

Question 1

What are the three primary layers of skin?

Answer 1

Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis.

Question 2

Skin is what percent of our body weight?

Answer 2

16%

Question 3

What are the Functions of skin and accessory structures?

Answer 3

Protect
Excrete
Maintain body temp
Produce melanin
Produce keratin
Synthesise vita D
Store lipids
Detect touch

Question 4

What layers of the skin are part of the cutaneous membrane?

Answer 4

Epidermis and dermis

Question 5

What is the subcutaneous layer?

Answer 5

Hypodermis

Question 6

What tissue type dominates in epidermis?

Answer 6

Epithelial tissue

Question 7

What are the different types of epithelia?

Answer 7

Simple or stratified, squamous, cuboidal or columnar.

Question 8

The epidermis is made out of what type of epithelia?

Answer 8

Stratified squamous epithelium.

Question 9

What are the layers of epidermis from top to bottom.

Answer 9

Stratum corneum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale

Question 10

What is the function of desmosomes in the epidermis?

Answer 10

Anchors neighbouring cells.

Question 11

What is the function of hemidesmosomes in the epidermis?

Answer 11

Anchors stratum basale to the dermis

Question 12

What layer of the epidermis can be completely removed?

Answer 12

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

Question 13

What layer is found only in thick skin?

Answer 13

Stratum lucidum

Question 14

What is the difference between thick and thin skin?

Answer 14

Thick skin has an extra epidermal layer

Question 15

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 15

Papillary layer and the reticular layer.

Question 16

Describe the papillary layer?

Answer 16

Consists of highly vascularised tissue.

Question 17

Describe the reticular layer?

Answer 17

Mesh like structure of collagen and elastin fibres (for strength)

Question 18

Both the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis contain what?

Answer 18

Blood vessels, lymphatics, sensory nerve fibres and accessory structures.

Question 19

What are the types of plexuses of the dermis?

Answer 19

Cutaneous and subpapillary.

Question 20

What layer of the skin is not considered part of the skin?

Answer 20

Hypodermis

Question 21

The hypodermis is dominated by what?

Answer 21

Adipocytes that produce subcutaneous fat.

Question 22

What is the common site of injections?

Answer 22

Subcutaneous layer

Question 23

What is the healing time for a first degree burn?

Answer 23

3-10 days

Question 24

What is the healing time for a normal second degree burn?

Answer 24

1-2 weeks

Question 25

What is the healing time for a deep second degree burn?

Answer 25

1 month

Question 26

Third degrees burns are known as?

Answer 26

Full thickness burns

Question 27

Second degree burns affect what layers of skin?

Answer 27

Epidermis and dermis.

Question 28

First degree burns effect what layer of skin?

Answer 28

Outer layer of the epidermis.

Question 29

What are the four accessory structures?

Answer 29

Hair Sweat glands Receptors Nails

Question 30

The contraction of what muscle caused goosebumps?

Answer 30

Arrector pili muscle

Question 31

Melanocytes are found where?

Answer 31

Stratum basale

Question 32

Moles are caused due to an over preliferation of what?

Answer 32

Sun exposure

Question 33

What are the two types of sweat glands?

Answer 33

Eccrine and apocrine

Question 34

Vitamin D is essential for what?

Answer 34

Normal calcium metabolism and strong bones.

Question 35

A calcium deficiency can cause what?

Answer 35

Rickets and also affects mood.

Question 36

Sebaceous glands produce what?

Answer 36

Sebum

Question 37

Where are the apocrine glands found?

Answer 37

Armpit, groin and around the nipples.

Question 38

What makes a freckle?

Answer 38

Melanocytes overproducing melanosomes

Question 39

What makes a mole?

Answer 39

Cluster of melanocytes

Question 40

Who are most susceptible to vitamin d deficiency?

Answer 40

Highly pigmented people

Question 41

What are the 5 types of skin receptors?

Answer 41

``` Free nerve endings Tactile discs Tactile corpuscles Lamellar corpuscles Bulbous corpuscles ```

Question 42

Free nerve ending respond mainly to what?

Answer 42

Temperature and pain, some movement and pressure.

Question 43

Tactile discs respond mainly to what?

Answer 43

Texture, shape and edges. And fine touch and light pressure.

Question 44

Tactile corpuscles respond mainly to what?

Answer 44

Delicate touch. Light pressure and low frequency vibration.

Question 45

Lamellar corpuscles respond mainly to what?

Answer 45

Deep pressure and vibration.

Question 46

Bulbous corpuscles respond mainly to what?

Answer 46

Sustained deep pressure, stretching and distortion of the skin.

Question 47

Skin blood flow is important in what role?

Answer 47

Thermoregulation and blood pressure control.

Question 48

What is our normal range for body temp?

Answer 48

36.5-37.5 core body temp.

Question 49

What are the primary mechanisms for heat transfer?

Answer 49

Radiation Evaporation Convection Conduction

Question 50

What is the preoptic area?

Answer 50

Area in the hypothalamus that contains heat and cold sensitive neurons called central thermoreceptors.

Question 51

If blood temp increase what are the 3 main things that happen?

Answer 51

Vasodilation Sweating Increased respiratory rate + behavioural changes

Question 52

What are the three heat generating mechanisms?

Answer 52

Shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis and increased thyroxine.

Question 53

Describe an arrector pili muscle?

Answer 53

Smooth muscle innervated by the SNS

Question 54

What is the role of arrector pili muscles?

Answer 54

Contraction pulls hair upright and dimples skin causing goosebumps.

Question 55

What are three potential complication caused by severe burns?

Answer 55

Dehydration and hypovolemic shock. Infection/sepsis Hypothermia