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Skin and Body Membranes > Skin and Body Membranes > Flashcards

Skin and Body Membranes Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of body membranes

A

▪ Cover body surfaces
▪ Line body cavities
▪ Form protective sheets around organs
▪Classified according to tissue types

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2
Q

What are the Epithelial membranes ?

A

▪ Cutaneous membranes
▪ Mucous membranes
▪ Serous membranes

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3
Q

What is the connective tissue membranes

A

▪Synovial membranes

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4
Q

Epithelial membranes are simple organs
▪Also called covering and lining membranes
▪These membranes contain:

A

-Epithelial tissue layer
- Connective tissue layer

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5
Q

What is cutaneous membrane = skin

A

▪ Dry membrane
▪ Outermost protective boundary
▪ Construction
▪ Epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Dermis is mostly dense (fibrous) connective tissue

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6
Q

What is mucous membranes (mucosae)

A

▪ Moist membranes
▪ Line all body cavities that open to the exterior body surface
▪ Adapted for absorption or secretion
▪ Construction
▪ Epithelium type depends on site
▪ Loose connective tissue (lamina propria)

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7
Q

What is serous membranes (serosae)

A

▪ Line open body cavities that are closed to the exterior
of the body

▪ Occur in pairs, separated by serous fluid, with a visceral and parietal layer

Construction
▪ Simple squamous epithelium
▪ Areolar connective tissue

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8
Q

Specific serous membranes are the following

A

▪ Peritoneum
-Abdominal cavity
▪ Pleura
-Around the lungs
▪ Pericardium
- Around the heart

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9
Q

What is synovial membranes?

A

▪Loose areolar connective tissue only (no epithelial
tissue)
▪ Line fibrous capsules surrounding joints

-Line bursae
-Line tendon sheaths

▪ Secrete a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving
against each other during muscle activity

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10
Q

Integumentary system consists of the:

A

▪ Skin (cutaneous membrane)
▪ Skin appendages
-Sweat glands
- Oil glands
-Hair
-Nails

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11
Q

Functions of the Integumentary System

A

▪Insulates and cushion deeper body organs
▪Protects the entire body from:
-Mechanical damage (bumps and cuts)
-Chemical damage (acids and bases)
-Thermal damage (heat or cold)
-Ultraviolet (UV) radiation (sunlight)
- Microbes (bacteria)
-Desiccation (drying out)
-Aids in loss or retention of body heat as controlled by the nervous system
-Aids in excretion of urea and uric acid -Synthesizes vitamin D

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12
Q

Two kinds of tissue compose the skin

A

▪ Epidermis
▪ Dermis

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13
Q

What is Hypodermis (subcutaneous layer)

A

▪ Anchors the skin to underlying organs
▪ Not technically part of the integumentary system
▪ Composed mostly of adipose tissue
▪ Serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

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14
Q

What is structure of epidermis—outer layer?

A

▪ Capable of being hard and tough
▪ Stratified squamous epithelium
▪ Keratinocytes (the most common cell) produce a
fibrous protein called keratin
▪ Avascular
▪ Composed of five layers (strata)

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15
Q

Summary of layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial

A

▪ Stratum basale
▪ Stratum spinosum
▪ Stratum granulosum
▪ Stratum lucidum (thick, hairless skin only)
▪ Stratum corneum

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16
Q

What is stratum basale (stratum germinativum)

A

▪ Deepest layer of epidermis
▪ Lies next to dermis
▪ Wavy borderline with the dermis anchors the two
together
▪ Cells undergoing mitosis
▪ Daughter cells are pushed upward to become the more superficial layers

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17
Q

What is Stratum spinosum

A

▪ Cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized

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18
Q

What is Stratum lucidum?

A

▪ Formed from dead cells of the deeper strata
▪ Occurs only in thick, hairless skin of the palms of hands and soles of feet

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19
Q

What is Stratum corneum?

A

▪ Outermost layer of epidermis
▪ Shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (protective protein prevents water loss from skin)

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20
Q

▪ is a pigment produced by melanocytes
▪ Melanocytes are mostly in the stratum basale of the epidermis
▪ Color is yellow to brown to black
▪ accumulates in membrane-bound granules
called melanosomes
▪ Amount produced depends upon genetics
and exposure to sunlight

A

Melanin

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21
Q

What is the function of Epidermal dendritic cells

A

▪ Alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial or
viral invasion)

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22
Q

What is Merkel cells

A

▪ Associated with sensory nerve endings
▪ Serve as touch receptors called Merkel discs

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23
Q

What is Dermis

A

▪ Connective tissue
▪ Underlies the epidermis

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24
Q

Two layers of the dermis

A

▪ Papillary layer

▪ Reticular layer

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25
What is Papillary Layer?
▪ Papillary layer (upper dermal region) contain projections called dermal papillae ▪ Indent the epidermis above ▪ Many projections contain capillary loops, and others house pain and touch receptors ▪ On palm and sole surfaces, papillae increase friction and gripping ability ▪ Fingerprints are identifying films of sweat
26
What can be found in Reticular layer (deepest skin layer)?
▪ Blood vessels ▪ Sweat and oil glands ▪ Deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles)
27
What are Other dermal features
▪ Cutaneous sensory receptors ▪ Phagocytes ▪ Collagen and elastic fibers ▪ Blood vessels
28
What are the three pigments contribute to skin color
1. Melanin ▪ Yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments 2. Carotene ▪ Orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables 3. Hemoglobin ▪ Red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries ▪ Oxygen content determines the extent of red coloring
29
Skin Colors and their reasons
▪Redness (erythema)—due to embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy ▪Pallor (blanching)—due to emotional stress (such as fear), anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area ▪Jaundice (yellow cast)—indicates a liver disorder ▪Bruises (black and blue marks)—hematomas
30
▪Cutaneous glands are all exocrine glands, this includes:
▪ Sebaceous glands ▪Sweat glands ▪ Hair ▪Hair follicles ▪ Nails
31
Where and what is the function of Sebaceous (oil) glands?
▪ Located all over the skin except for palms and soles ▪ Produce sebum (oil) ▪ Makes skin soft and moist ▪ Prevents hair from becoming brittle ▪ Kills bacteria ▪ Most have ducts that empty into hair follicles; others open directly onto skin surface ▪ Glands are activated at puberty
32
What is Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
▪Produce sweat ▪ Widely distributed in skin
33
What are the ▪Two types of sudoriferous glands
1. Eccrineglands 2. Apocrineglands
34
What is the function of Eccrine glands
▪ Open via duct to sweat pores on the skin’s surface ▪ Produce acidic sweat ▪ Water, salts, vitamin C, traces of metabolic waste ▪ Function in body temperature regulation
35
What is Apocrine glands?
▪ Ducts empty into hair follicles in the armpit and genitals ▪ Begin to function at puberty ▪ Release sweat that also contains fatty acids and proteins (milky or yellowish color) ▪ Play a minimal role in body temperature regulation
36
▪ Produced by hair follicle ▪ Root is enclosed in the follicle ▪ Shaft projects from the surface of the scalp or skin ▪ Consists of hard keratinized epithelial cells ▪ Melanocytes provide pigment for it’s color ▪ It grows in the matrix of the hair bulb in stratum basale
Hair
37
What composed hair anatomy ?
▪Central medulla ▪ Cortex surrounds medulla ▪ Cuticle on outside of cortex -Most heavily keratinized region of the hair
38
What are the Associated hair structures ?
▪ Hair follicle ▪ Composed of an epithelial root sheath and fibrous sheath ▪ Dermal region provides a blood supply to the hair bulb (deepest part of the follicle) ▪ Arrector pili muscle connects to the hair follicle to pull hairs upright when we are cold or frightened
39
▪ Heavily keratinized, scalelike modifications of the epidermis ▪ Stratum basale extends beneath the bed, which is responsible for growth ▪ Lack of pigment makes it colorless
Nails
40
What are the Parts of a nail?
▪ Free edge ▪ Body is the visible attached portion ▪ Nail folds are skin folds that overlap the edges of the nail; the cuticle is the proximal edge ▪ Root of nail is embedded in skin ▪ Growth of the nail occurs from nail matrix
41
What are the Infections and allergies
▪ Athlete’s foot ▪ Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles ▪ Cold sores (fever blisters) ▪ Contact dermatitis ▪ Impetigo ▪ Psoriasis
42
What cause Athlete’s foot? and what is the symptom?
▪ Caused by fungal infection (Tinea pedis) ▪ Itchy, red peeling skin between the toes
43
What causes Boils (furuncles) and carbuncles and what is the symptom?
▪ Caused by inflammation of hair follicles ▪ Carbuncles are clusters of boils caused by bacteria
44
What causes Cold sores (fever blisters)? what is the symptom?
▪ Caused by human herpesvirus ▪ Blisters itch and sting
45
What causes Contact dermatitis and what is the symptom?
▪ Caused by exposure to chemicals that provoke allergic responses ▪ Itching, redness, and swelling of the skin
46
What causes Impetigo? what is the symptom?
▪ Caused by bacterial infection ▪ Pink, fluid-filled raised lesions around mouth/nose
47
What causes Psoriasis? and what is the symptom?
▪ Triggered by trauma, infection, hormonal changes, or stress ▪ Red, epidermal lesions covered with dry, silvery scales that itch, burn, crack, or sometimes bleed
48
What are Burns?
▪ Tissue damage and cell death caused by heat, electricity, UV radiation, or chemicals ▪Associated dangers ▪ Protein denaturation and cell death ▪ Dehydration and electrolyte imbalance ▪ Circulatory shock ▪ Result in loss of body fluids and infection from the invasion of bacteria
49
▪ Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation ▪ Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area ▪ The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area
▪ Body is divided into 11 areas for quick estimation ▪ Each area represents about 9 percent of total body surface area ▪ The area surrounding the genitals (the perineum) represents 1 percent of body surface area
50
What is First-degree burn (superficial burn) ?
▪ Only epidermis is damaged ▪ Skin is red and swollen
51
What is Second-degree burn (partial-thickness burn)
▪ Epidermis and superficial part of dermis are damaged ▪ Skin is red, painful, and blistered ▪ Regrowth of the epithelium can occur
52
What is Third-degree burn (full-thickness burn)?
▪ Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless ▪ Requires skin grafts, as regeneration is not possible ▪ Burned area is blanched (gray-white) or black
53
What is Fourth-degree burn (full-thickness burn)?
▪ Extends into deeper tissues (bone, muscle, tendons) ▪ Appears dry and leathery ▪ Requires surgery and grafting ▪ May require amputation
54
What are the Criteria for deeming burns critical (if any one is met):
▪ Over 30 percent of body has second-degree burns ▪ Over 10 percent of the body has third- or fourth-degree burns ▪ Third- or fourth-degree burns of the face, hands, or feet, or genitals ▪ Burns affect the airways ▪ Circumferential (around the body or limb) burns have occurred
55
What is Skin cancer?
▪ Most common form of cancer in humans ▪ Most important risk factor is overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation in sunlight and tanning beds
56
Cancer can be classified two ways what are these?
1. Benign means the neoplasm (tumor) has not spread 2. Malignant means the neoplasm has invaded other body areas
57
What are the Most common types of skin cancer?
▪Basal cell carcinoma ▪ Squamous cell carcinoma ▪ Malignant melanoma
58
▪ Least malignant and most common type of skin cancer ▪ Arises from cells in stratum basale that are altered so that they can no longer make keratin ▪Lesions appear as shiny, dome-shaped nodules that develop a central ulcer
Basal cell carcinoma
59
▪ A type of skin cancer, Believed to be induced by UV exposure ▪ Arises from cells of stratum spinosum ▪ Lesions appear as scaly, reddened papules that gradually form shallow ulcers ▪ Early removal allows a good chance of cure ▪ Metastasizes to lymph nodes if not removed
Squamous cell carcinoma
60
▪ Most deadly of skin cancers, but accounts for only 5 percent of skin cancers ▪ Arises from melanocytes ▪ Metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels ▪ Detection uses ABCDE rule for recognizing melanoma
Malignant melanoma
61
The ABCDE role
▪ A = Asymmetry Two sides of pigmented mole do not match ▪ B = Border irregularity Borders of mole are not smooth ▪C = Color Different colors in pigmented area ▪ D = Diameter Spot is larger than 6 mm in diameter ▪ E = Evolution One or more of the ABCD characteristics is evolving
62
What is Lanugo?
a downy hair, covers the body by the fifth or sixth month of fetal development but disappears by birth
63
What is Vernix caseosa?
an oily covering, is apparent at birth
64
What is Milia ?
small white spots, are common at birth and disappear by the third week
65
Acne
may appear during adolescence

Skin and Body Membranes (1 decks)

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