Skin Cancer

Question 1

How many people will develop basal cell carcinoma in a class of 100?

Answer 1

25

Question 2

How many people will develop squamous cell carcinoma in a class of 100?

Answer 2

10

Question 3

How many people will develop melanoma in a class of 100?

Answer 3

3-4

Question 4

What are the types of skin cancer?

Answer 4

Melanoma and non-melanoma

Question 5

What are the types of non-melanoma?

Answer 5

Basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma

Question 6

What type of cancer is melanoma?

Answer 6

Melanocyte cancers

Question 7

What type of cancer is non-melanoma?

Answer 7

Keratinocyte cancers

Question 8

What are the features of basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 8

Slow growing, painless, and rolled pearly edge

Question 9

What are the types of basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 9

Nodular, superficial, pigmented, morpheic, and basosquamous

Question 10

What are the risk factors for developing basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 10

Fair skin, intermittent UV exposure, personal history of BCC, prior treatment with ionising radiation, genetic syndromes such as nevoid BCC syndrome, chronic arsenic exposure, and immunosuppression

Question 11

What is the peak age of basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 11

Approximately 70 years

Question 12

What is the surgical management of basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 12

Simple standard excision, flap surgery, MOHS surgery

Question 13

What is the destructive management for basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 13

Electrodessication and curettage, cryotherapy, lasers, and radiotherapy

Question 14

What is the topical management of basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 14

Topical 5-FU, imiquimod, and photodynamic therapy

Question 15

What is topical 5-FU?

Answer 15

Topical 5-fluorouracil

Question 16

What is the systemic management for basal cell carcinoma?

Answer 16

Chemotherapy, retinoids, new target therapy (SMO-inhibitors)

Question 17

What are the features of squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 17

Quick growing and painful

Question 18

What are the causes of squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 18

UV radiation exposure, increasing age, male at birth, lighter skin, tobacco, alcohol, and HPV infection

Question 19

What is ultraviolet A (UVA)?

Answer 19

Longer wavelength, aging

Question 20

What is ultraviolet B (UVB)?

Answer 20

Short wavelength, burning

Question 21

What do UVA and UVB cause?

Answer 21

DNA damage and mutation

Question 22

What can even one sunbed session increase your risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma by?

Answer 22

67%

Question 23

What can even one sunbed session increase your risk of developing basal cell carcinoma by?

Answer 23

29%

Question 24

What do using sunbeds for first time before age of 35 increase your risk of melanoma by?

Answer 24

60%

Question 25

What is the effect of one blistering sunburn in childhood or adolescene?

Answer 25

More than doubles your chances of developing melanoma later in life?

Question 26

What are the Fitzpatrick skin types?

Answer 26

Pale white skin, white skin, light brown skin, moderate brown skin, dark brown skin, and deeply pigmented dark brown to black skin

Question 27

What do all skin colours have the same number of?

Answer 27

Melanocytes

Question 28

What is the difference in light and dark skin?

Answer 28

The number of melanosomes

Question 29

Why is dark skin dark?

Answer 29

Tyrosine kinase polymerization and 1 melanocyte: 5 keratinocytes

Question 30

What is the function of melanocytes?

Answer 30

Produce melanin, which absorbs UV waves and prevents DNA damage to the keratinocytes

Question 31

What is the function of keratinocytes?

Answer 31

Stimulate melanocyte functions such as proliferation, differentiation, and melanogenesis

Question 32

What are the five ways to protect yourself from skin cancer?

Answer 32

Slip, slip, slap, seek, and slide

Question 33

What is the treatment of keratinocyte skin cancers from least to most side effects?

Answer 33

Topical creams (imiquimod, effudix), curettage and cautery, Mohs surgery, conventional surgery, immunotherapy, radiotherapy, and combined therapies

Question 34

What is the range of conventional surgery?

Answer 34

LA excision with primary closure (20 mins, straight home) to GA, wide excision including bone, parotidectomy, neck dissection, free flap reconstruction (10 hours and 14 days in hospital)

Question 35

What are the features of a lesion in melanoma?

Answer 35

Asymmetry, border, uneven colour, diameter >7mm, and evolving

Question 36

What are the features of a lesion in melanoma?

Answer 36

Change in size of lesion, irregular pigmentation, irregular border, inflammation, itch/altered sensation, larger than other lesions (diameter >7mm), and oozing/crusting of lesion

Question 37

What is stage 0 of melanoma?

Answer 37

Confined to epidermal region of skin

Question 38

What is stage I of melanoma?

Answer 38

Localised disease, only in skin and very thin

Question 39

What is stage II of melanoma?

Answer 39

Localised disease, thicker than stage I

Question 40

What is stage III of melanoma?

Answer 40

Spread to lymph nodes

Question 41

What is stage IV of melanoma?

Answer 41

Spread to other organs

Question 42

What is key for melonocyte skin cancers?

Answer 42

Depth

Question 43

What is the treatment of melanocyte skin cancer?

Answer 43

Topical creams (imiquimod, effudix), conventional surgery, immunotherapy (cempilimab, vismodegib)