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Skin cancer Flashcards

(50 cards)

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1
Q

List the 8 hallmarks of cancer:

A
  1. sustaining proliferative signalling
  2. evading growth suppressors
  3. activating invasion and metastasis
  4. enabling replicative immortality
  5. inducing angiogenesis
  6. resisting cell death
  7. avoiding immune destruction
  8. deregulating cell energetics
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2
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

an over-active form of a gene that positively regulates cell division

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3
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

The normal, not yet mutated form of an oncogene.

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4
Q

What is a tumour suppressor?

A

inactive or non-functional form of a gene that negatively regulates cell division

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5
Q

What are thy two types of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancer?

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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6
Q

Why does Xeroderma pigemetosum increase the risk of skin cancer?

A

Genes involved in DNA repair are mutated

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7
Q

Chronic/long term exposure to UV radiation predisposes to ….

A

Squamous cell carcinomea

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8
Q

UV_ radiation penetrates deepest into the skin. It causes direct/indirect DNA damage by ______ guanosine.

A

UVA radiation

indirect damage

oxidising guanosine

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9
Q

UV_ causes direct DNA damage.

A

UVB radiation

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10
Q

What are the UVB-caused DNA lesions?

A

Pyrimidine dimers

Pyrimidine-pyrimidone photo products

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11
Q

How does UVA cause DNA damage?

A

Via oxidation of DNA bases

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12
Q

What is the characteristic UVA-induced mutation? What is the repair mechanism involved?

A

C -> A point mutation

Base excision repair

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13
Q

What is the signature mutation induced by UVB?

What is the repair mechanism?

A

TT -> CC

Nucleotide excision repair

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14
Q

Mutations in c-KIT, B-RAF and MEK, genes involved in the Ras/Raf/MAPK signalling pathways are encountered in what skin cancer?

A

familial Malignant Melanoma

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15
Q

Basal skin carcinoma and Squamous skin carcinoma arise from what cell type?

A

Keratinocytes

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16
Q

What is the ABCDE of melanoma diagnosis?

A 
Asymmetry
Border
Colour
Diameter
Evolution
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17
Q

A slow-growing painless lump with central ‘rodent’ ulceration and visible blood vessels are characteristic of what skin cancer

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

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18
Q

A hyperkeratotic (crusted) lump/ulcer, which grows relatively fast is indicative of what skin cancer?

A

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

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19
Q

What are Actinic Keratoses? What cancers do they develop into?

A

Precancerous skin lesions.
Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma

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20
Q

What is Naevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin’s) syndrome?

A

Autosomal dominant familila cancer syndrome

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21
Q

Mutations in PTCH1, a key component of the Hedgehog signalling pathway (induces cell proliferation genes) are common in what skin cancer?

Study These Flashcards
A

Basal cell carcinoma

22
Q

Melanoblasts migrate to skin from the _____ ____.

23
Q

Melanocytes are situated in the ____ layer of the epidermis.

24
Q

What are ephilides?

25
Actinic lentigines are linked to ____ and _____ _____. Also known as ____ ____
age and UV exposure liver spots
26
Blue naevi and halo naevi are malignant (T/F)
False
27
What is the progression of growth of acquired naevi throughout life?
1. junctional naevi - in childhood 2. Adolescence - compound naevi (clusters at DEJ and in dermis) 3. Adulthood - Intradermal naevi
28
Spitz naevi are usually benign (T/F)
true
29
What are the 4 main types of Malignant melanoma?
1. Superficial spreading 2. Acral/mucosal lentiginous 3. Lentigo maligna 4. Nodular
30
What is the characteristic feature of Nodular melanoma?
Rapid progression into the vertical growth phase | -there is no initial containment to the epidermis
31
What is the main indicator of melanoma prognosis?
Breslow depth - vertical depth of the tumour | pTis (in situ) to pT4
32
What are the novel drug treatments of malignant melanoma metastases?
B-RAF and MEK inhibitors.
33
Seborrhoeic keratosis is a benign proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes (T/F)
True
34
The appearance of seborrhoeic keratosis is often described as ___ __
stuck on
35
The risk of metastasis of Basal Cell Carcinomas is low/high.
Low | - almost never metastasises
36
Telangiectatic vessels are characteristic of what slow-growing tumour?
nodular Basal cell carcinoma
37
What are the precursor lesions of Squamous Cell Carcinoma? (3)
1. Bowen's disease 2. Actinic keratosis 3. Viral lesions
38
What is Bowen's disease? What's it morphology?
In-situ displasia of keratinocytes. | It forms a scaly plaque with irregular borders.
39
Where are Bowen's disease lesions usually found?
Legs
40
Where are Actinic keratoses usually found?
Sun-exposed areas, such as scalp, face, hands.
41
What pathogen is commonly associated with penile dysplasia?
HPV
42
Merkel cell (primary small cell neuroendorcine) carcinoma tends to have good prognosis. (T/F)
False | -very aggressive
43
If to widespread for surgery, ______ can be used to treat BCC
phototherapy
44
Corticosteroids have an adverse effect on skin healing (T/F)
True
45
What are the 5 layers of the scalp?
``` Skin connective tissue aponeurosis loose connective tissue periosteum ```
46
What is the most commonly used anaesthetic used in surgery? What is it used with?
Lignocaine | With Adrenaline
47
What does adrenaline do in terms of anaesthesia?
Prolongs anaesthesia and reduces bleeding | -do not use in digits
48
Treatment for Malignant Melanoma?
Excision biopy
49
Define stages of skin cancer in terms of Breslow thickness.
``` Stage Tsi - melanoma in situ Stage T1 - <1mm thick Stage T2 - 1-2mm Stage T3 - 2-4mm Stage T4 - >4mm ```
50
How is sentinel node biopsy performed?
1. Dye is injected at the site of the melanoma 2. Biopsy is performed to verify which lymph nodes the dye moves to from the tumour 3. Lymph nodes can then be excised

my Dermatology (18 decks)

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