Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BRS DERMATOLOGY > Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Skin Disorders Flashcards

(53 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is psoriasis?

A

chronic, immune-mediated disorder

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What causes psoriasis?

A

polygenic predisposition + environmental triggers e.g., trauma, infections, or medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What characterises psoriasis?

A

Sharply demarcated, scaly, erythematous plaques characterise the most common form of psoriasis

Common sites of involvement are scalp, elbows and knees, followed by nails, hands, feet and trunk (including intergluteal fold)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the most common systemic manifestation of psoriasis?

A

psoriatic arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the pathophysiology of psoriasis?

A

● Stressed keratinocytes release DNA / RNA
→ form complex with antimicrobial peptides
→ induce cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1 and IFN-α) production
→ activate dermal dendritic cells (dDCs)

● dDCs migrate to lymph nodes → promote Th1, Th17, Th22 cells
→ chemokine release – migration of inflammatory cells into dermis
→ cytokine release
→ keratinocyte proliferation
→ psoriatic plaque

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can psoriasis look like in more pigmented people?

A

more brown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the methods of management of psoriasis?

A

Lifestyle
therapeutic ladder
phototherapy
medicine
systemic immunosuppression
advanced therapies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do we mean by lifestyle for management of psoriasis?

A

Alcohol and smoking

co-morbidities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is meant by therapeutic ladder for management of psoriasis?

A

● Topical therapies
➢ Vitamin D analogues
➢ Topical corticosteroids
➢ Retinoids
➢ Topical tacrolimus / pimecrolimus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is phototherapy?

A

intentional daily exposure to direct sunlight or similar-intensity artificial light in order to treat medical disorders.

Narrowband UVB
PUVA (psoralen + UVA)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is narrowband UVB?

A

A specific wavelength of UVB (311 to 312 nanometers) is thought to be the most useful range for treating skin conditions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is PUVA?

A

PUVA is an ultraviolet light therapy treatment for skin diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What medication can be used to treat psoriasis?

A

Acitretin (retinoid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are retinoids?

A

chemicals derived from vitamin A

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What systemic immunosuppression can be used to manage psoriasis?

A

Methotrexate
Ciclosporin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What advanced therapies can be used to manage psoriasis?

A

PDE4 inhibitors (Apremilast)
Biologics (anti-TNF-α, anti-IL-17, anti-IL-23)
JAK inhibitors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What else do JAK inhibitors treat?

A

arthritis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is atopic eczema?

A

Intensely pruritic chronic inflammatory condition

Complex genetic disease with environmental influences

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When does atopic eczema typically begin?

A

Typically begins during infancy or early childhood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is atopic eczema often associated with?

A

other ‘atopic’ disorders e.g., asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are characteristics of atopic eczema?

A

Acute inflammation of cheeks, scalp, and extensors in infants

Flexural inflammation and lichenification in children and adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is lichenification?

Study These Flashcards
A

thickening of the skin

23
Q

What is the management of atopic eczema usually like?

Study These Flashcards
A

Daily emollients and anti-inflammatory therapy are cornerstone of management

24
Q

What is another word for eczema?

25
What is eczema an umbrella term for?
atopic eczema, seborrheic dermatitis, venous stasis eczema, allergic contact dermatitis, irritant contact dermatitis
26
What are the 2 parts of pathophysiology of eczema?
● Barrier defect and ● Immune dysregulation
27
what are Corneocytes?
Terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most of the stratum corneum
28
Explain the barrier defect?
● Barrier defect ➢ Filaggrin - bind and aggregate keratin bundles & intermediate filaments → form cellular scaffold in corneocytes ➢ Reduced extracellular lipids & impaired ceramide production ➢ Increased transepidermal water loss (TEWL) ➢ Impaired protection against microbes and environmental allergens
29
Explain the immune dysregulation?
● Immune dysregulation ➢ Staphylococcal superantigens stimulate Th2 lymphocyte responses and subvert T-reg ➢ T-cell infiltrate - bias towards Th2 responses ➢ Role of microbiome? ➢ Eosinophils
30
How would you describe the mediation of eczema?
Th2 mediated diseases
31
What are the clinical features of infantile phase of atopic dermatitis?
erythematous, oedematous, papule and plaques +/- vesiculation
32
What are the clinical features of eczema?
lichenification, crusting, excoriation and dyspigmentation, postinflammatory dyspigmentation, fissuring, allergic contact dermatitis, impetiginisation
33
What is impetiginization?
secondary infection of a lesion by bacteria, usually by virtue of animated scratching. - gold crust - staphylococcus aureus
34
What is the gold crust in impetiginisation?
shows it's a superficial infection the crust is cellular and bacterial debri (inflammatory infiltrate)
35
What is the difference between scale and crust?
crust is cellular and bacterial debri scale is keratin
36
Where do you see scales?
Psoriasis
37
What is venous stasis eczema?
Swelling of skin due to compromise of venous blood going back to the heart It is treated with compression It leads to water loss
38
What is eczema herpeticum?
- emergency - HSV (herpes simple virus) - treat with acyclovir - can lead to permanent neurological disease - looks like monomorphic punched out erosions
39
What is eczema herpeticum often mistaken for?
for aggravation of eczema
40
What is erythroderma?
skin failure
41
What are the managements for eczema?
Lifestyle -Emollients -Omission of soap Clinical Nurse Specialist involvement - Topical application technique - Day treatment - Habit reversal Co-morbidities Patch testing Biopsy Topical therapies Phototherapy Topical immunomodulators Retinoids Systemic immunosuppression Advanced therapies
42
When do you need a biopsy?
When there is persistent nipple eczema, it can manifest into breast cancer
43
What happens when you itch?
itching causes release of cytokines leading to more itching
44
What are the therapeutic ladder methods of managing eczema?
Topical therapies Topical corticosteroids - correct potency for correct site Topical tacrolimus / pimecrolimus
45
What are phototherapy methods of managing eczema?
Narrowband UVB PUVA (hand dermatitis)
46
What is important about topical immunomodulators for eczema?
● Important role in management of eczema ● Potential for: ➢ Underuse (poor adherence) ➢ Overuse of topical corticosteroids (tachyphylaxis / adverse effects) ● Counselling crucial: ➢ Correct steroid for correct site (steroid ladder) ➢ Adverse effects ➢ Amount to use – Fingertip unit
47
What is the order of drugs in the steroid ladder?
hydrocortisone is safer for delicate areas like the face, neck and genitals Clobetasol can be used for palms and soles
48
What are adverse effects of topical corticosteroids?
● Adverse effects of topical corticosteroids: ➢ Rare: skin atrophy, folliculitis, exacerbation of acne and rosacea, infection ➢ Very rare: perioral dermatitis (right), rebound syndrome (tachyphylaxis), allergy (to steroid itself or vehicle) ➢ Extremely rare: hormonal imbalance (suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis), hirsutism
49
What are the adverse effects of topical calcineurin?
burning sensation
50
What type of dermatitis are retinoids used for?
hand
51
What systemic immunosuppression can be used for eczema?
➢ Methotrexate ➢ Ciclosporin ➢ Azathioprine ➢ Mycophenolate mofetil
52
What advanced therapies can be used for eczema?
➢ Biologics (anti-IL-4α, anti-IL13) ➢ JAK inhibitors
53
Overall what are the types of atopic eczemas you need to know?
erythroderma herpeticum venous stasis allergic contact

BRS DERMATOLOGY (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions