Skin Disorders Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
General
A
- diagnose them early
- diagnose them correctly
- protect other athletes
2
Q
Skin
A
Melanin
- variations may be due to anatomic physiologic or pathophysiologic changes in skin blood flow
Normal skin appearance
- altered by external and internal factors
3
Q
Cellulitis
A
- infectious inflammation of deep skin structures
- red, swollen, blotchy
4
Q
Primary Skin Lesions
A
- haven’t broken through the skin
- macule, papule, plaque, nodule
- tumor, cyst
- wheal, vesicle, bulla, pustule
5
Q
Secondary Skin Lesions
A
- has broken through skin
- more severe
- scale, crust, fissure, erosion
- ulcer, scar
6
Q
Skin Trauma
A
mechanical forces that cause injury
- friction
- compression
- shearing
- stretching
- scraping
- tearing
- avulsing
- puncturing
7
Q
Friction and Pressure
A
hyperkeratosis (like a callous)
- friction and pressure over bony protuberances
Signs/Symptoms
- thickening of skin, ovular, elongated, and brown
- painful with pressure
8
Q
Management of Hyperkeratosis
A
- emery boards/pumice
- moisturizer (skin lube)
- padding
9
Q
Soft/Hard corns
A
- pressure from improperly fitting shoes and anatomic abnomalities
10
Q
Signs and Symptoms of soft/hard corns
A
Soft - thickening of the skin, white skin and can be painful, between 4th and 5th toes, result of pressure and perspiration
Hard - typically on the tops of the toes
- surgical removal if painful
- padding, keep feet clean/dry, wear appropriate shoes
11
Q
Excessive Perspiration (hyperhidrosis)
A
- syrup-like perspiration
- increases risk of irritation
- use of astringent such as alcohol/absorbent powder
- astringent is a vasoconstrictor
12
Q
Chafing of Skin
A
- occurs in pt. that are obese or heavy limbed
- result of friction and maceration of skin from heat/moisture
- causing oozing wounds
- crust and crack
- clean w/soap and water
- hydrocortisone cream
- keep skin dry/clean, friction free
13
Q
Xerotic (dry) skin
A
- exposure to cold, excessive bathing, decreased humidity
- redness & scaling, itching
- hydration, use tepid water to bathe, moisturizers
- super glue to prevent further splitting
14
Q
Skin bruises
A
result of blunt trauma, causes disruption of superficial blood vessels and results in black and blue discoloration
- treat w/ PRICE
15
Q
Bacterial Infections (staphylococcus)
A
- bacteria that appears in clumps on skin and/or upper respiratory tract
- treated w/anti-biotics
16
Q
Bacterial Infections (Streptococcus)
A
- chain bacteria often associated with systemic disease and skin infections
- treated w/anti-biotics
17
Q
Bacterial Infections (bacillus)
A
- spore forming, aerobic and occasionally mobile
- can cause systemic damage
- treated w/anti-biotics
18
Q
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA)
A
- often occurs in individuals that are already sick, hospitalized, have open wounds or burns
- easily transmitted via superficial abrasions and minor skin trauma
19
Q
Signs/Symptoms, management for MRSA
A
- redness, swelling, tenderness
- antibiotics (higher dose)
- treatment lasts several weeks
- refer any suspected case of MRSA
- inform athletes/clean facility
- let doctor and health nurses know
20
Q
Impetigo Contagiosa
A
- caused by strep, staph or combo of the two
- VERY contagious
21
Q
S/S and management of Impetigo Contagiosa
A
- gets crusty
- keep them away from everyone else
- mild itching and soreness followed by eruption of small vesicles and pustules that rupture and crust
- generally develops in body folds that are subject to friction
- cleansing and topical antibacterial agents, systemic antibiotics
22
Q
Furuncles (boils)
A
- infection of hair follicle that results in pustule formation
- generally result of a staph infection
23
Q
S/S and management of Furnuncles
A
- pustule becomes reddened, enlarged, and hard from internal pressure
- pain/tenderness increase w/pressure
- most will mature and rupture
- protection from additional irritation
- antibiotics
- keep pt. from contact w/team members while draining
24
Q
Carbuncles
A
- similiar to boils
- larger/deeper than boils
- several openings in skin
- may produce fever and elevation of WBC count
- discharges yellowish pus
- surgical drainage and antibiotics
- warm compress to draw it out
25
Folliculitis
- inflammation of hair follicle
- can be caused by friction
- non-infectious or infectious agents = cause
26
PFB
pseudofolliculitis
| - ingrown hair
27
Folliculitis signs & symptoms
- redness around follicle that is followed by development of papule or pustule at the hair follicle
- followed by development of crust
- moist heat is used to increase circulation
- anti-biotics
* alopecia (baldness) can be caused if infection causes scarring
28
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
- inflammation of hair follicle resulting in secondary blockage of the apocrine gland
- chronic inflammatory condition of sweat glands
- small papule to deep dermal inflammation
- avoid antiperspirants, deodorants and shaving creams
- medicated soaps/antibiotics
29
Acne Vulgaris
- inflammatory disease of the hair follicle and the sebaceous glands
- *could be hormones
- white/black/red heads, pustules or cysts
- possible scarring if deep enough
- topical/systemic agents
- mild soaps recc.
30
Paronychia and Onychia
- caused by staph, strep, and/or fungal organisms
- damage to cuticle
Onychia: infection of the nail bed
Paronychia: infection of the lateral nail fold
- rapid onset, painful, bright red swelling
- accumulation of purulent material nail fold
- soak in epsom salts
- topical antibiotic, drainage
31
Tetanus infection (lockjaw)
- from stepping on a rusty nail
- acute infection of the CNS and muscles
- stiffness of the jaw and muscles of the neck
- fever
32
Tetanus Management
- hospilitation/ICU
- ER
- Immunization
33
Fungal Infections
- yeast and molds
- grows best in unsanitary conditions with warmth, moisture, and darkness
- ringworm is most common cause (has a raised border)
34
Tinea of the Scalp (tinea capitis) (ringworm)
- begins as a small papule that spreads peripherally
- appears as small grayish scales resulting in scattered balding
- spread through close physical contact
- treatment with systemic anti-fungal agents (topical agents used as well)
35
Tinea of the body (tinea corporis) (ringworm)
- itchy red-brown scaling plaque that expands peripherally
- management by topical antifungal cream (***lamasil, tinactin
- cover and protect
- monitor daily
- refer if not resolving
36
Tinea of the nail (tinea unguium/onychomycosis)
- fungal infection of the nail
- "athletes foot"
- nail becomes thick, brittle and separated from its bed
- systemic medications are most effective
- surgical removal may be necessary if extremely infected
37
Tinea of the Groin (tinea cruris)
- symmetric red-brown scaling plaque with snake-like border
- mild to moderate itching
- will respond to non-prescription medications
- may require additional topical and oral prescriptions
- refer if failure to respond
38
Athlete's Foot (tinea pedis)
- most common form of superficial fungal infection
- extreme itching on soles of feet, between and on top of toes
- appears as dry, scaling patch, or inflammatory papules
Management: topical anti-fungal agents and good foot hygiene
39
Candidiasis (Moniliasis)
- yeast like fungus that can produce skin, mucous membrane and internal infections
- beefy red patches with possible satellite pustules
- white macerated border may surround the red area
- deep painful fissures may develop
- use anti fungal agents, keep area dry
* *usually in the mouth
40
Tinea Versicolor
- caused by a yeast
- in areas that sebaceous glands actively secrete body oils
- multiple small, circular, pink/brown/white merciless
- chest, abdomen, and neck
- do not tan when exposed to sun
- use selenium shampoo and topical econazole nitrate
- re-pigmentation will occur
41
Viral Infections
- ultramicroscopic organisms that require host cells to complete their life cycle
42
Herpes Simplex Labialis, Gladiatorum, and Zoster
- highly contagious
- transmitted directly through a lesion or mucus membrane
- resides in the sensory nerve neurilemmal sheath
- recurrent attacks stimulated by sunlight, emotional disturbances, illness, fatigue or infection
43
Herpes Signs & Symptoms
1. early indication is tingling or hypersensitivity in an infected area 24 hrs after exposure
2. local swelling followed by outbreak of vesicles
3. pt. may feel ill w/headache, sore throat, swollen lymph glands, and pain in area of lesions
4. vesicles usually rupture in 1-3 days willing serous material
5. heal in generally 10-14 days
6. **athlete should be disqualified from contact during and outbreak. highly contagious
44
Herpes Management
1. lesions are self limiting- reduce pain and promote early healing
2. use of antiviral drugs can reduce recurrence and shorten course of outbreak
3. can lead to secondary infection if not managed carefully
45
Herpes Simplex
on the face
46
Herpes wrestling
- gotta do skin checks before wrestling tournament
- type 1 = extragenital
- type 2 = genital
47
Herpes Zoster
- shingles
- only on one side of the body
- trunk & head
48
Verruca Virus and Warts
- verruca plana (flat wart)
- verruca plantaris (plantar wart)
- condyloma acuminatum (venereal wart)
- different types of human papilloma virus
- uses epidermal layer of skin to reproduce and grow
- wart enters through lesion in skin
49
Common Wart
- small, round, elevated lesion with rough dry surfaces
- painful with pressure
- topical salicylic acid or liquid nitrogen to fix
50
Plantar Warts
- spread through papilloma virus
- sole of foot, or adjacent to areas of abnormal weight-bearing
- point tenderness
- hemorrhagic puncta (black seeds)
- protect & prevent
- shave callus
- can be removed by freezing
51
Molluscum Contagiosum
- poxvirus infection
- contagious with direct body contact
- **very contagious
- small, flesh or red colored, smooth-domed papule
- physician referral
- removed surgically or counterirritant, or cryosurgery
52
Allergic, Thermal and Chemical Skin Reactions
- allergens may be food, drugs, clothing, dusts, pollens, plants, animals, heat, cold, dyes or light
- reddening and swelling of tissue, hives, burning
- ATCs must recognize gross signs of allergic responses, be prepared to remove allergens, treat topically or systemically
53
Contact Dermatitis (allergic and irritant)
- poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, ragweed, primrose
- topical medications
- chemicals found in fragrances, soaps and detergents
- pre-wrap, tuf skin, tape, ice or heat
* *poison ivy can get into lungs and go systemic
54
Contact Dermatitis Signs/Symptoms
- onset may range from 1 day to 1 week
- redness, swelling, formation of vesicles that ooze fluid and form crust, constant itching
- may change from redness and blistering to scaling, lichenified papillose and plaques
55
Contact Dermatitis Management
- avoid allergen
| - compresses or soaks, topical corticosteroids
56
Miliaria (Prickly Heat)
- continued exposure to heat and moisture causing retention of perspiration
- itching and burning vesicles and pustules
- occurs most often on arms, trunks, and bending areas of the body
- avoidance of overheating, frequent bathing with non-irritating soap, wear loose fitting clothing and use of anti-itch lotions
57
Sunburns
- inflammatory response to injury cause by uv ray
S/S: erythema, shock, malfunctioning of organs w/in skin,
- appears 2-8 hrs following exposure, symptoms most severe 12 hrs after
- dissipate w/in 72-96 hrs
58
Sunburn Management
- sunscreen
- treat a burn according to the degree of inflammation
- cool water, aloe based solutions
- moisturizers for dryness and peeling
- OTCs can help with pain/discomfort
- severe burns require physician assistance
59
Scabies
- caused by mites that tunnel and lay eggs which causes extreme nocturnal itching
60
Scabies S/S
- dark lines, between fingers and toes, body flexures, nipples and genitalia
- excoiations, pustules and papillose caused by itching tends to hind true cause
- skin develops hypersensitivity to the mite
61
Scabies Management
- permethrin 5% is treatment of choice
- washing of bedding and clothing is necessary
- topical corticosteroids to treat itching
62
Lice
- head, pubic region, body
- bitch cause itching dermatitis and subsequent scratching
- rapid cure using any number of agents, mayo.
- to prevent re-infestation all clothing and bedding should be washed in hot soapy water or discarded
63
Fleas
- small, wingless insects
- discomfort from bites
- concentrated on ankles and lower legs
- prevent with topical agents
- avoid scratching
64
Ticks
- parasitic insect
- can transmit rocky mountain spotted fever and lyme disease
- headaches fever, malaise, myalgia and rash
- remove tick, referral, systemic treatment
65
Mosquitoes
- produce bites that can be irritating, itchy, painful
- can transmit blood-borne illnesses
- topical medication, repellents
66
Stinging Insects
- bees, wasps etc.
- hypersensitive individuals
- increase HR, breathing
- Anaphylatic reaction
- swelling of mouth and throat, difficulty breathing, vomiting, etc.
67
How to avoid insect stings
- smelly lotions/shampoos
- brightly colored clothing
- epipen on site for athletes with known allergy
* **Anaphylactic reaction immediate physician referral
68
Spider Bite
- typically not dangerous to humans
- rarely bite more than once
- black widow & brown recluse
- pain, swelling, puncture wounds, muscle pain & cramps, headache, anxiety, vomiting, increase BP, difficulty breathing
69
Spider Bite Management
- wash wound
- apply anti-biotic
- seek medical attention if infections occurs/ulcer does not heal, nausea, vomiting, fever or rash occur
- if muscle cramping occurs pt. MUST go to nearest emergency room
70
Pityriasis Rosea
- acute inflammatory skin rash of unknown origin
- occurs between ages of 10-35
- single pinkish-red patch on the chest or back
71
Pityriasis Rosea S/S & management
- within 2/3 days a secondary eruption occurs on chest/upper extremities
- red scaly with clearing in the center
- typically doesn't require treatment
72
Psoriasis
- genetic factors may play role
- lesions begins as reddish papule that progress to plaques
- progress to yellowish
- elbows, knees, trunk, genitalia, belly button
- long term oral meds
- self-management
73
Skin Cancer
- exposure to sun
- malignant tumor that grows in skin
- 50% of all cancers
- small shiny bump
74
Basal Cell Carcinoma
- found in individuals w/light eye/hair color
| - small shiny bump
75
Squamous cell carcinoma
- appears as nodules, red, scaly, patches of skin
- lips, ears, face
- fair skinned people
76
Malignant Melanoma
- mole
- asymmetry
- border
- color
- diameter
- fair skinned
77
Skin Cancer Management
- immediate referral if suspicious of any skin lesion
- surgery 90% of cases
- laser, radiation
