Skin, Ear, & Eye (Test 1) Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
2 Types of Hearing Loss
A
- Conductive hearing loss
2. Sensorineural hearing loss
2
Q
occurs when sound is not conducted efficiently through the outer ear canal to the middle ear
A
conductive hearing loss
3
Q
causes of conductive hearing loss
A
otitis media, perforated eardrum, benign tumors, impacted earwax (cerumen), foreign body, malformation of the outer ear, ear canal, or middle ear
4
Q
damage to the inner ear (cochlea)
A
sensorineural hearing loss
5
Q
causes of sensorineural hearing loss
A
birth injury, ototoxic drugs, noise exposure, viruses, head trauma, aging, and tumors
6
Q
an inner ear disorder associated with excess fluid in the labyrinth
A
meniere’s disease
7
Q
triad of symptoms for meniere’s disease
A
vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss
8
Q
treatment for meniere’s disease
A
low sodium diet, no caffeine, alcohol or tobacco, decrease stress, diuretics, antiemetics, antivert
9
Q
categories of ototoxic drugs for permanent hearing loss
A
- aminoglycoside antibiotics
- anti-neoplasms
- environmental chemicals
10
Q
categories of ototoxic drugs for intermittent (transient) hearing loss
A
- loop diuretics
- aspirin and quinine products
11
Q
gentamicin, streptomycin, kanamycin, tobramycin, neomycin, amikacin, netilmicin, dihydrostreptomycin, and ribocycin
A
aminoglycoside antibiotics (all end in mycin)
12
Q
cisplatin and carboplatin
A
anti-neoplastics (all end in platin)
13
Q
mercury, carbon disulfide, styrene, carbon monoxide, tin, lead
A
environmental chemicals (heavy metals)
14
Q
bumetanide (Bumex), furosemide (Lasix)
A
loop diuretics
15
Q
an infection of the ear canal from bacteria or fungi (“swimmer’s ear”)
A
otitis externa
16
Q
symptoms of otitis externa
A
ear pain, swelling of the canal, redness
17
Q
treatment of otitis externa
A
wick, antibiotics, steroids
18
Q
fluid, typically pus in the middle ear (“middle ear”)
A
acute otitis media
19
Q
symptoms of acute otitis media
A
pain, redness of the eardrum, possible fever
20
Q
treatment of acute otitis media
A
motrin, tylenol for pain and fever, antibiotics only for bacteria infections (rare)
21
Q
viral infections
A
- verrucae (warts)
- herpes simplex (HSV)
- herpes zoster (shingles)
22
Q
verrucous papules usually less than 1 cm
A
Verrucae or warts
23
Q
what is verrucae (warts) caused by?
A
HPV
24
Q
vesicles on an erythematous base (red blisters)
A
Herpes simplex (HSV)
25
vesicular lesions along a dermatone
Herpes Zoster (shingles)
26
fungal infections
- candida albicans (candidiasis)
| - tinea infections
27
whitish curds
candida albicans (candidiasis)
28
scaly border and central clearing
tinea infections
29
bacterial infections
impetigo
30
honey-colored crusts
impetigo
31
inflammatory conditions
- discoid lupus erythematosis (DLE)
- seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)
- psoriasis
- pityriasis rosea
- acne vulgaris
32
butterfly rash
discoid lupus erythematous (DLE)
33
dry yellow scales or plaque
seborrheic dermatitis (cradle cap)
34
silvery scales
psoriasis
35
hearlds patch in Christmas tree pattern
pityriasis rosea
36
open and closed comedones
acne vulgaris
37
allergic skin responses
- atopic dermatitis (eczema)
- allergic & irritant contact dermatitis
- urticaria or drug erruptions
38
pruritic (itchy rash)
atopic dermatitis (eczema)
39
poison ivy, erythema w/ vesicles
allergic & irritant contact dermatitis
40
erythema or whitish swellings (wheals)
urticaria or drug eruptions
41
parasitic infections
- scabies
- lice
- ticks
42
mites that burrow
scabies
43
visible mites and nits
lice
44
burrow in the epidermis
ticks
45
carcinomas
- basal cell carcinoma
- squamous cell carcinoma
- malignant melanomas
- kaposi's sarcoma
46
single pearly domed nodule with telangiectatic vessels
basal cell carcinoma
47
nonhealing ulcerated or warty nodule
squamous cell carcinoma
48
highly malignant
malignant melanomas
49
ABCDE for malignant melanomas
```
A = asymmetry
B = border is irregular
C = color variation (black, brown, red, white, or bluish)
D = diameter
E = elevation above skin level
```
50
purple lesion
kaposi's sarcoma
51
topicals & dermatologicals
- antiseptic & disinfectant
- astringents
- emollients
- cleansers & baths
- rubs/liniments
- corticosteroids/glucocorticoids
- protectives
- keratolytics
- antiinfectives
- ectoparasiticidal
- acne medications
52
used to clean skin
antiseptic
53
cleans inanimate objects
disinfectant
54
drying effects
astrigents
55
softens or soothes
emollients
56
aveeno, oatmeal are examples
cleaners & baths
57
Ben-Gay is an example
rubs/liniments
58
relief of inflammatory
coricosteroids/glucocorticoids
59
barrier on the skin
protectives
60
principle protectives
zinc oxide
61
soften scales
keratolytics
62
inhibiting CNS
ectoparasiticidal
63
accutane is an example
acne medications
64
contraindications of accutane
may only take accutane if you're on birth control
65
normal IOP value
about 20 or lower mmHg
66
2 types of glaucoma
- primary open-angle glaucoma
| - angle-closure glaucoma
67
patho of primary open angle glaucoma
Aq humor is unable to drain from canal due to obstruction. However, the canal has a normal opening
68
symptoms of primary open-angle glaucoma
progressive loss of peripheral vision than central vision, painless, no symptoms until extensive optic nerve damage. vision loss is irreversible
69
risk factors of primary open-angle glaucoma
elevation of IOP, race, family history of POAG, advancing age
70
treatment of primary open-angle glaucoma
goal is to prevent progression by reducing IOP
two ways:
1. facilitate aq humor outflow or
2. decrease production
71
emergency condition, irreversible vision loss in 1-2 days
angle-closure glaucoma
72
patho of angle-closure glaucoma
angle is narrow, iris maybe displaced and cover the trabecular meshwork. rapid increase of Aq humor and IOP
73
symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma
sudden onset severe eye pain, N & V, irreversible vision loss in 1-2 days
74
cloudy lens with loss of vision. bilateral loss at different rates
cataracts
75
causes of cataracts
trauma to the eye, elevated glucose levels in Aq humor, irradiation to the lens, viruses, chemicals, infections, vitamin deficiencies, advancing age
76
symptoms of cataracts
grayish, pearly haze of the pupil, loss of vision
77
treatment of cataracts
surgical lens implant
78
spontaneous separation of the retina from the epithelium layer
retinal detachment
79
symptoms of retinal detachment
floaters, flashes of light, blurred black spots, painless sensation of curtain coming over eye
80
treatment of retinal detachment
eye rest (bilateral patches), ocular surgery
81
symptoms of diabetic retinopathy
blurred central vision, cloudy or hazy vision of sudden onset, related to blood glucose levels
82
treatment of diabetic retinopathy
laser photocoagulation surgery to seal leaking blood vessels and destroy abnormal ones
83
pharmacological treatment
beta blockers, cholinergic agonists, adrenergic agonists, prostaglandins, & carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
84
types of beta blockers related to glaucoma (2)
nonselective: timolol
| B1 selective: betaxolol
85
MOA of beta blockers for the treatment of glaucoma
decrease production of Aq humor (2)
86
use of Timolol
first line treatment for open angle glaucoma
87
use of betaxolol
used w/ other meds for emergency management of acute-angle closure glaucoma
88
side effects of beta blockers
ocular stinging, conjunctivitis, blurred vision, photophobia, dry eyes
89
types of cholinergic agonists related to glaucoma (2)
direct acting: pilocarpine
| AChE inhibitors: Physostigmine
90
MOA of pilocarpine
stimulates cholinergic receptors in eye to produce:
1) miosis
2) contraction of the ciliary muscle
91
MOA of physostigmine
inhibits Ach breakdown promotes accumulation of Ach producing miosis, and decreasing IOP
92
use of pilocarpine
first line drug for initial & maintenance therapy of open angle glaucoma & emergency treatment of acute angle closure glaucoma
93
use of physostigmine
used for POAG
| reserved for patients refractory to beta blockers, pilocarpine, epinephrine
94
side effects of pilocarpine
miosis, blurred vision, retinal detachment, local irritation, eye pain, brow ache
95
side effects of physostigmine
cataracts, myopia
96
types of adrenergic agonists (2)
nonselective: epinephrine
| alpha 2 selective: apraclonidine
97
MOA of epinephrine
stimulates alpha & beta adrenergic receptors; decreases IOP by increasing Aq humor outflow (1)
98
MOA of apraclonidine
lowers IOP by reducing Aq humor production (2)
99
use of epinephrine
open-angle glaucoma
100
use of apraclonidine
short term therapy of open-angle glaucoma
| pre-op laser trabeculoplasty or iridotomy
101
side effects of epinephrine
headache, brow ache, blurred vision, ocular irritation, mydriasis which aggravates angle-closure glaucoma, retina edema
102
side effects of apraclonidine
headache, dry mouth & nose, altered taste, conjunctivitis, lid reactions, pruritus, tearing, blurred vision
103
type of prostaglandin
latanoprost
104
MOA of latanoprost
decreases IOP by increasing Aq humor outflow by relaxing ciliary muscle (1)
105
use of latanoprost
open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
106
side effects of latanoprost
irreversible heightened brown pigmentation to iris, blurred vision, burning, stinging, conjunctival hyperemia, keratopathy
107
types of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (2)
systemic: acetazolamide
topical: dorzolamide
108
MOA of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
decreases IOP by decreasing Aq humor production (2)
109
use of acetazolamide
long term treatment of open-angle glaucoma
110
use of dorzolamide
open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
111
side effects of acetazolamide
malaise, anorexia, fatigue, paresthesia, acid-base disturbances, nephrolithiasis
112
side effects of dorzolamide
ocular stinging, bitter taste, conjunctivitis, lid reactions, blurred vision, tearing, eye dryness, photophobia
113
nursing implications for the treatment of glaucoma
- educate on symptoms
- may need to use artificial tears
- use caution when driving at night
- wear sunglasses
- report sudden eye pain immediately
114
anticholinergic agent medication for diagnostic procedures
atropine
115
adrenergic agonist medication for diagnostic procedures
phenylephrine
