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Microbiology and Parasitology > Skin, Eyes and Ears > Flashcards

Skin, Eyes and Ears Flashcards

1
Q

Common viral infections of the skin and adjacent mucous membranes

A

Warts (Verruca/Papillomas)

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2
Q

Etiologic Agent of Warts

A

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

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3
Q

Incubation Period of Warts

A

1-8 months

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4
Q

S/sx of Warts: Common/Seed Warts observed as raised w/ roughened surface

A

Verruca Vulgaris

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5
Q

S/sx of Warts: Flat warts observed as small, smooth flattened, skin/flesh colored

A

Verruca plana

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6
Q

S/sx of warts: seen as finger-like w/ horny projection; located on scalp or near hairline

A

Digitate warts

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7
Q

S/sx of warts: Single, and thin threadlike projection

A

Filiform warts

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8
Q

S/sx of warts: Rough, irregularly shaped, elevated surface

A

Periungual warts

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9
Q

Plantar warts; observed as slightly elevated or flat, deep, painful lump, often w/ multiple black specks in the center

A

Verruca pedis

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10
Q

S/sx of warts: group of tightly clustered; expansion of plantar wart

A

Mosaic warts

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11
Q

Genital warts; Small, pink to red, moist & soft, singly or in large cauliflower

A

Verruca acuminata

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12
Q

Confirmatory test for warts to determine whether malignant (cancerous) or benign

A

Tissue Biopsy

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13
Q

Diagnostic Procedure for Warts

A 
Physical examination 
HPV DNA testing
Tissue biopsy 
Papanicolaou (Pap) smear
Application of 5% acetic acid
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14
Q

Treatment for Warts

A 
Cryotherapy
Laser Surgery
Electrosurgery and curettage
Electrocautery
Surgical excision
Special cushions
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15
Q

A treatment for warts that uses nitrous oxide to obtain cold temperature in freezing of warts prior to removing.

A

Cryotherapy

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16
Q

Complications of Warts

A

Cervical CA
Urinary Obstruction
Scarring
Secondary infection

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17
Q

Prevention of Warts

A 
HPV Vaccine (Cervarix - 3 doses)
Use of condoms and abstinence
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18
Q

Encompasses all follicle-associated lesions, from the isolated pimple to severe widespread acne.

A

Acne Vulgaris

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19
Q

Etiologic Agent for Acne

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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20
Q

Predisposing Factors for Acne

A

heredity
hormonal changes related to puberty
menstrual periods, pregnancy, birth control pills,
certain drugs (ex. corticosteroids, phenytoin, INH)
exposure to heavy oils, greases, or tars, androgen stimulation
trauma or rubbing from tight clothing, cosmetics
emotional stress, and unfavorable climate

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21
Q

Pathophysiology of Acne

A
  1. Plugging of hair follicle
  2. Sebaceous gland hyperactivity
  3. Proliferation of bacteria
  4. Inflammation
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22
Q

Other term for Whitehead

A

Closed Comedo

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23
Q

Other term for black head

A

Open Comedo

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24
Q

Classification of acne observed with erythematous papules & pustules, comedones may be present

A

Inflammatory acne

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25
Q

Classification of acne that consist of comedones & inflammatory lesions, deeper nodules & cysts or abscesses

A

Nodulocystic acne

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26
Q

Treatment for acne

A

Benzoyl Peroxide – for inflammatory acne
Topical retinoic acid (tretinoin) - for comedonal acne
Topical antibiotics – for mild pustular & comedone acne
Systemic antibiotics
Oral contraceptive pills containing estrogens
Oral isotretinoin

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27
Q

Complications for Acne

A

Abscess formation
Permanent scarring
Secondary bacterial infection

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28
Q

Medical term for boil

A

Furuncle

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29
Q

An infection of hair follicles; may be single or multiple

A

Boil (Furuncle)

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30
Q

Medical term for cluster of boils

A

Carbuncles

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31
Q

Type of boil which is recurrent abscess of the hair follicle

A

Chronic Furunculosis

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32
Q

Etiologic agent for boils

A

Staphylococcus aureus

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33
Q

Predisposing factors of Boils

A

Infected wound
Poor hygiene
Impaired immune system

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34
Q

S/sx of boils

A 
Itching before lump begins to form
Painful red lump
Red, swollen skin around the lump
Pustule w/ yellow-white tip
Exudate 
Fever & lymphadenitis
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35
Q

Tx for Boil

A 
Self-limiting
Warm moist compresses
I & D
Antibacterial soap
Mupirocin ointment
Antibiotics (Dicloxacillin, Cephalexin)
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36
Q

Complications of Boil

A

Permanent scarring
Spread of infection that trigger secondary infection (cellulitis, septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, septicemia, and brain abscess)

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37
Q

Superficial bacterial skin infection that is HIGHLY contagious

A

Impetigo

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38
Q

Etiologic Agents of Impetigo

A

Staphylococcus aureus
Streptococcus pyogenes
Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

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39
Q

Predisposing Factors of Impetigo

A

Poor hygiene
Anemia
Malnutrition
Warm climate

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40
Q

MOT: Impetigo

A

Direct contact – most common
Indirect contact via fomites
Mechanical vector transmission

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41
Q

IP: Impetigo

A

2-5 days

42
Q

S/sx of Impetigo

A
  1. Lesions - peeling skin, crusty and flaky scabs, or honey-colored crusts
  2. Pruritus
  3. Painless, fluid-filled blisters
  4. serious form, painful fluid- or pus-filled sores that turn into deep ulcers
  5. regional lymphadenopathy
43
Q

Type of Impetigo: starts w/ small red papule turned into vesicle & pustular; honey-colored crust

A

Non-Bullous

44
Q

Type of Impetigo: <2yrs; painless fluid-filled blisters; yellow-colored crust; located in trunk, arms & legs

A

Bullous

45
Q

Type of Impetigo: serious form & penetrates into dermis; painful fluid or pus filled sores

A

Ecthyma

46
Q

Tx for Impetigo

A

mupirocin (Bactroban)
cephalexin (Keflex)
removal of exudate
antihistamine

47
Q

Complications of Impetigo

A 
Glomerulonephritis
Meningitis
Bacteremia
Osteomyelitis
Scarring
48
Q

Types of Tinea Infections

A

Dermatophytosis
Ringworm
Cutaneous Mycoses

49
Q

Group of superficial fungal infections; Affecting the stratum corneum & their hair and nails

A

Tinea Infections

50
Q

Etiologic Agents of Tinea Infection

A
  1. Epidermophyton
  2. Trichophyton
  3. Microsporum
51
Q

Risk factors for Tinea Infection

A

Live in damp, humid or crowded conditions
Have close contact with an infected person or animal
Share clothing, bedding or towels with someone who has a fungal infection
Sweat excessively
Participate in contact sports, such as wrestling,
football or rugby
Wear tight or restricted clothing
Immunosuppression

52
Q

MOT: Tinea Infection

A

Direct contact
Indirect contact
Contact w/ contaminate animals or soil

53
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: scalp

S/sx: Small scaly patches
Severe inflammatory reaction
alopecia

A

tinea capitis

54
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: body

S/sx: Dry & scaly or moist & crusty reddis rings
Pustule
Pruritus

A

tinea corporis

55
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: chin; aka barber’s itch

S/sx: Pustular folliculitis

A

tinea barbae

56
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: groin; aka jock itch

S/sx: Red lesions & Pruritus

A

tinea cruris

57
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: feet; aka athlete’s foot

S/sx: Scales
Blisters 
Crust 
Patches 
Pruritus
Pain
A

tinea pedis

58
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: nails

S/sx:
White patches in nail bed
Thickening
Distortion
Darkening
A

tinea unguium (onychomycosis)

59
Q

Classification of Tinea Infection: hands

S/sx: white and scaly patches to deep and fissured lesions
Pruritus

A

tinea manuum

60
Q

Diagnostic Procedure for Tinea Infections

A

P.E.
KOH w/ microscopic exam
Skin Culture

61
Q

Antifungal tx for Tinea infection

A 
Griseofulvin
Itraconazole
Miconazole
Tolnaftate
Terbinafine
Thiabendazine
62
Q

Surgical procedure for Tinea infections that removes dead (necrotic) or infected skin tissue

A

Debridement

63
Q

Complications of Tinea Infections

A

Hair or nail loss

Secondary bacterial or candidal infection

64
Q

Prevention for Tinea Infection

A 
Hand washing
Keep the nails short & straight.
Expose feet to air whenever possible.
Wear sandals or leather shoes & clean cotton socks.
Good hygiene
Wearing loose-fitting clothing.
Educate about the risk of ringworm from infected persons or pets.
Stay cool and dry. 
Avoid infected animals. 
Don't share personal items.
Contact precaution
65
Q

mild superficial fungal infection; affects the nails (onychomycosis), skin (diaper rash), or mucous membranes, especially the oropharynx (thrush), vagina, esophagus & GI tract

A

Candidiasis

66
Q

Other medical term for Candidiasis

A

Moniliasis or Candidosis

67
Q

Causative AgentsL Candidiasis

A 
Candida albicans
C. parapsilosis
C. tropicalis
C. glabrata
C. guilliermondii
68
Q

Predisposing Factors: Candidiasis

A

Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics

immunocompromised

69
Q

MOT: Candidiasis

A

Endogenous spread
Direct contact
Mother to infant during childbirth

70
Q

S/sx of Candidiasis: Skin

A

scaly erythematous, papular rash, sometimes covered w/ exudates appearing below the breast, between fingers, axillae, groin & umbilicus. Diaper rash w/ papules at the edges of the rash

71
Q

S/sx of Candidiasis: Onychomycosis

A

red, swollen, darkened nail bed; occasionally, purulent discharge and the separation of pruritic nail from the nail bed

72
Q

S/sx of Candidiasis: Thrush

A

cream-colored or bluish-white patches of exudates
swelling causing respiratory distress in infants
burning sensation

73
Q

S/sx of Candidiasis: Esophageal mucosa

A

dysphagia
Regurgitation
retrosternal pain
scales in the mouth and throat

74
Q

S/sx of Candidiasis: Vaginal mucosa

A 
white or yellow discharge
pruritus
local excoriation
white or gray raised patches on vaginal walls
local inflammation
dyspareunia
75
Q

S/sx of Candidiasis: Systemic infection

A 
chills
high fever
hypotension
rash
prostration
myalgia
arthralgia
76
Q

Dx Procedure for Candidasis

A

P.E.
gram stain – for superficial candidiasis
blood or tissue culture - for systemic infection

77
Q

Tx for Candidiasis

A

nystatin – for superficial candidiasis
clotrimazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole & miconazole *for mucous membrane & vaginal candida infections
IV amphotericin B – for systemic infection

78
Q

Pink eye; Most common & treatable eye infections; Benign & self-limiting, may also be chronic

A

Conjunctivitis

79
Q

Bacterial Etiologic Agent: Conjunctivitis

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrheae, Neisseria meningitidis, Chlamydia trachomatis

80
Q

Viral Etiologic Agents: Conjunctivitis

A

adenovirus types 3,7, and 8; herpes simplex virus type 1

81
Q

IP: Conjunctivitis

A

Bacterial = 24–72 hours,
Chlamydia trachomatis = 5–12 days
Viral = 12 hours – 3 days

82
Q

Types of Conjunctivitis

A 
Bacterial
Neonatal
Chlamydial
Viral
Allergic
Vernal
Chemical
83
Q

S/sx of Conjunctivitis

A 
Pink or red color sclerae
Swelling
Tearing
Photophobia
Pruritus (allergic conjunctivitis)
Yellow-green discharge (bacterial conjunctivitis)
Burning Sensation (chemical conjunctivitis)
Irritation
Feeling like a foreign 
    body in the eye
Crusting of eyelids or lashes
Cold, flu, or other respiratory
     infection may also be present 
Photophobia
Slight blurring of vision
Enlarged lymph nodes
Itchy nose, sneezing, a scratchy
    throat, or asthma 
   (allergic conjunctivitis)
84
Q

Tx for Conjunctivitis

A

Bacterial - Ciprofloxacin
Viral - Sulfonamide
Neonatal - Topical erythromycin & cephalosporin
Chemical - flushing w/ NSS, topical steroids
Vernal - Corticosteroid drops, cromolyn sodium, cold
compress, oral antihistamine
Herpes -Trifluridine drops or vidarabine ointment or
oral acyclovir

85
Q

Complications of Conjunctivitis

A

Corneal Ulceration
Corneal infiltrates
Keratitis
Blindness

86
Q

Swimmer’s ear; Inflammation of the skin of the external ear canal and auricle

A

Otitis Externa

87
Q

Etiologic Agents: Otitis Externa

A 
Staphylococcus aureus
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Group A streptococci
Proteus vulgaris
Candida albicans
Aspergillus niger
88
Q

S/sx for Acute Otitis Externa

A 
moderate to severe pain 
red and swollen canal 
fever, foul-smelling discharge
regional cellulitis
partial hearing loss
crusting in the external ear
itching
black or gray, blotting, paper-like growth in ear canal
89
Q

S/sx for Chronic Otitis Externa

A 
Intense pruritus 
Scaling and skin thickening 
      narrowing of the lumen
Aural discharge  
Asteatosis
90
Q

Tx for Otitis Externa

A 
Heat therapy
Aspirin / acetaminophen /codiene
Polymyxin eardrops
Keratolytic :  2% salicylic acid 
Nystatin
91
Q

Complications of Otitis Externa

A 
Otitis media
Hearing loss
Cellulitis
Abscesses
Stenosis of the ear canal
Malignant otitis externa
92
Q

Prevention for Otitis Externa

A

Keep your ears dry and clean.
Wear earplugs when swimming.
Instill two or three drops of 3% boric acid solution in 70% alcohol before and after swimming
Avoiding irritants, such as hair-care products and earrings.
Avoiding cotton tipped applicators or other objects when cleaning the ears.

93
Q

An inflammation of the middle ear that may be suppurative or secretory, acute or chronic, persistent, or unresponsive.

A

Otitis Media

94
Q

Etiologic Agents: Otitis Media

A 
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Hemophilus influenzae
Moraxella catarrhalis
Beta-hemolytic streptococci
Staphylococcus aureus
95
Q

S/sx of Otitis Media

A 
Earache
Runny or stuffy nose
Cough
Headaches 
Fever
Nausea & vomiting
Tinnitus 
Dizziness
Irritability 
Sleep disturbance 
Purulent drainage  Temporary hearing loss
96
Q

Risk Factors: Otitis Media

A 
Age 
Normally wider, shorter, more horizontal Eustachian tube 
Increased lymphoid tissue 
Anatomic anomalies
Gastroesophageal reflux
Genetic predisposition
URTI or allergies
Seasonality
Day-care center attendance
Bottle feeding
Exposure to passive smoking
Use of pacifiers
97
Q

Types of Otitis Media

A

Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media

Chronic Secretory Otitis Media

98
Q

Dx Procedure: Otitis Media

A

Culture and sensitivity test
Radiographic studies or computed tomography
Tympanometry and audiometry

99
Q

Tx for Otitis Media

A

Amoxicillin
Cefuroxime
Azithromycin

100
Q

Surgical procedure to treat otitis media by creating a hole in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to drain the fluid trapped in the middle ear.

A

Myringotomy

101
Q

Complications: Otitis Media

A 
Spontaneous rupture of tympanic membrane
Mastoiditis
Meningitis
Septicemia
Abscesses
Vertigo
Permanent hearing loss
Suppurative labyrinthitis
Facial paralysis
Otitis externa
Tympanosclerosis
102
Q

Prevention: Otitis Media

A

Reduce risk of having colds especially among
children.
Compliance to the medication Proper positioning during feeding of the infant.
Avoid smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.
Avoid exposure to air pollution.
Immunization
Breastfeeding
Avoid close contact with other children who are known to be infected.

Microbiology and Parasitology (2 decks)

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