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SKULL PROJECTIONS AND METHODS Flashcards

1
Q

Angle differences between:
1. OML and IOML
2. OML and GML
3. IOML and AML

A
  1. 7 degrees
  2. 8 degrees
  3. 15 degrees
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2
Q

-Average shape of Skull
-Oval in shape
-Wider in back than in front
-6 inches (15 cm) between parietal eminence or side to side
-7 inches (18 cm) from frontal eminence to inion or front to back
-9 inches (23 cm) from vertex to chin (submental region)
-Petrous Pyramid forms an angle of 45 to 47 degrees to the MSP

A

MESOCEPHALIC

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3
Q

-Wider in diameter (transversely) - CASSETTE CROSSWISE
-Short from front to back
-Broad from side to side
-Shallow from vertex to base
-Petrous pyramid forms an angle of 54 degrees to the MSP
-Width is 80% or greater than the length

A

BRACHYCEPHALIC

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4
Q

-Longer in vertical dimension - CASSETTE LENGTHWISE
-Head is long from front to back
-Narrow from side to side
-Deep from vertex to base
-Petrous Pyramid forms an angle of 40 degrees to the MSP
-The width is less than 75% of the length

A

DOLICHOCEPHALIC

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5
Q

Lateral Projection of the Cranium
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular 2 inches (5 cm) SUPERIOR to the EAM

IPL is
PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette

SEATED-UPRIGHT or SEMIPRONE or SUPINE
AFFECTED side is closer to the IR

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6
Q

Lateral Projection of the Cranium (Dorsal Decubitus)
Method?

A

ROBINSON, MEARES,
and GOREE

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7
Q

PA Projection of the Cranium
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to EXIT
the NASION

OML is
PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette

Prone

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8
Q

PA Axial Projection of the Cranium
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CALDWELL METHOD

CALDWELL - exit NASION at an angle of 15 degrees CAUDAD

For demonstration of superior orbital fissures: CR THROUGH ORBITS at 20 to 25 degrees CAUDAD

For demonstration of rotundum foramina, CR THROUGH NASION at 25 to 30 degrees CAUDAD

OML is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

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9
Q

AP OR AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the Cranium (Not Method)
CR? (15 degrees)
Px Position?

A

PERPENDICULAR Perpendicular through the NASION or (AP)
at an angle of 15 degrees CEPHALAD (AP AXIAL)

OML is PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette

Supine

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10
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the Cranium (Method)
CR?
Px Position?
If cannot flex the neck?

A

TOWNE’S/ CHAMBERLAINE/ GRASHEY METHOD
Foramen magnum at a CAUDAL angle of 30 degrees to OML or 37 degrees to IOML.
Enters approx 2 ½ inches (6.3 cm) above the glabella and passes through the level of the EAM

OML is PERPENDICULAR to
the cassette.

If cannot flex the neck, IOML should be perpendicular and increase angulation of CR by 7 degrees
(difference of both)

Supine

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11
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the Cranium
Method? (Reverse of Water’s)
CR?
Px Position?

A

HAAS METHOD

CEPHALAD angle of 25 degrees to enter a point 1 ½ inches below external occipital protuberance (inion) and to exit approximately 1 ½ inches superior to the nasion

OML is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

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12
Q

SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the Cranial Base
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

SCHULLER/ PFEIFFER METHOD

Directed through the sella turcica PERPENDICULAR to the IOML. CR enters the MSP of the throat between the angles of the mandible and passes through a point ¾ inch ANTERIOR to the level of the EAMs

IOML PARALLEL to the cassette.
Rest the head on the vertex

Supine

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13
Q

VERTICOSUBMENTAL
PROJECTION of the Cranial Base
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

SCHULLER METHOD
Directed through the sella turcica PERPENDICULAR to the IOML. CR passes through a point ¾ inch ANTERIOR to the level of the EAMs

Patient’s chin fully
extended

Prone

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14
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the CRANIAL, SELLA TURCICA, AND EAR
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

VALDINI METHOD

Perpendicular to the cassette at a level slightly above EAM

IOML forms 50 degrees with the cassette for demonstration of the labyrinths, internal acoustic canals and dorsum sella (I-LID)

OML forms 50 degrees with the cassette for bony part of auditory tubes, and external acoustic canals, tympanic cavities (O-BET)

Head rested on the frontal region (duko*)

PRONE or SEATED-UPRIGHT

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15
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the Sella Turcica
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular to a point ¾ inch ANTERIOR and ¾ inch SUPERIOR to the EAM

MSP PARALLEL and IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

IOML PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette

SEMI PRONE or SEATED-UPRIGHT

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16
Q

AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the SELLA TURCICA, DORSUM SELLAE, POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESSES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

TOWNE’s METHOD

Directed to MSP, entering the upper forehead and passing through the head at the level of the EAM

37 degree CAUDAL angulation to IOML - projects the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid processes within the foramen magnum

30 degree CAUDAL angulation ray to IOML - projects the dorsum and tuberculum sellae and the anterior clinoid processes through occipital bone above the level of foramen magnum

IOML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

SEATED UPRIGHT or SUPINE

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17
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the SELLA TURCICA, DORSUM SELLAE, POSTERIOR CLINOID PROCESSES

A

Directed 10 degrees CEPHALAD to the glabella

MSP and OML is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

PRONE or SEATED

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18
Q

PARIETOORBITAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the OPTIC CANAL AND FORAMEN
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

RHESE METHOD

Perpendicular to 1 inch SUPERIOR AND POSTERIOR to the upside TEA. the CR exits through the affected orbit closest to the cassette

AML perpendicular to the cassette
MSP forms 53 degrees to the cassette

SEMI PRONE or SEATED-UPRIGHT

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19
Q

ORBITOPARIETAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the OPTIC CANAL AND FORAMEN
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

RHESE

Perpendicular to enter the uppermost orbit at its inferior and lateral quadrant

AML perpendicular to the cassette MSP forms 53 degrees to the cassette

SEATED-UPRIGHT or SUPINE

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20
Q

PARIETO ORBITAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the SPHENOID STRUT
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

HOUGH METHOD

Directed 7 degrees CAUDAD to exit affected orbit

IOML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

MSP is rotated 20 degrees towards the side being examined

Prone

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21
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of SUPERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES
Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

CALDWELL METHOD
Directed to the MSP at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees CAUDAD and exiting at the level of the inferior margin of the orbit

MSP and OML is PERPENDICULAR

Prone

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22
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the INFERIOR ORBITAL FISSURES Method?
CR?
Px Position?

A

BERTEL METHOD

Directed at an angle of 20 to 25 degrees CEPHALAD and exiting the nasion. CR enters the midline approximately 3 inches below the external occipital protuberance

MSP and IOML is perpendicular to the cassette

Prone

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23
Q

LATERAL PROJECTION of the EYE
CR?
Px Position?

A

Perpendicular through the outer canthus

MSP of head is PARALLEL with the cassette
IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

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24
Q

PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the EYE
CR?
Px Position?

A

Through the center of the orbits at a CAUDAL angulation of 30 degrees

OML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette

Prone

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25
PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the EYE Method? CR? Px Position?
MODIFIED WATERS METHOD Perpendicular through the midorbits MSP PERPENDICULAR to the cassette OML forms 50 degrees with the plane of the cassette Prone
26
-Used to demonstrate the eyeball free from the superimposition of bones (2 TANGENTIAL PROJECTIONS involved) -detect small or low density foreign body -no device used (2 movements of the eye/s: Vertical and Horizontal -made on standard periapical or occlusal size dental film
VOGT BONE FREE
27
-Uses mathematical computation to determine the exact location of the foreign body in the eye -one of the most common -same with Water's
SWEET METHOD
28
-It makes use of the gilded or leaded contact lenses placed directly over the cornea (intraorbital and intraocular) where it has 4 holes spaced at 90 degrees intervals that serves as a marker indicator to estimate the location of the foreign body -most common -same with Water’s APPARATUS: -Contact lens localization device -Pedestal type of film holder
PFIEFFER-COMBERG METHOD
29
-Utilizes fluoroscopy to search for the foreign body found in the orbits
PARALLAX METHOD
30
LATERAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES CR? Px Position?
Perpendicular & entering the lateral surface of the ZYGOMATIC BONE halfway between the OUTER CANTHUS and EXTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS (EAM) MSP of head is PARALLEL with the IR IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR IOML is PARALLEL with the TRANSVERSE AXIS of IR
31
FACIAL PROFILE - LATERAL PROJECTION
Perpendicular to the LATERAL surface of the ZYGOMATIC bone and HALFWAY between the outer canthus and the EAM MSP is PARALLEL IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR IOML is PARALLEL with the TRANSVERSE AXIS of IR
32
PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES Method? CR? Px Position?
WATERS/ MAHONY'S METHOD Enters the vertex in the parietal region & PERPENDICULAR to EXIT the ACANTHION OML forms 37 degrees with the plane of IR MSP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette Prone
33
MODIFIED PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES Method? CR? Px Position?
MODIFIED WATERS METHOD Enters the vertex in the parietal region & PERPENDICULAR to EXIT the ACANTHION OML forms 55 degrees
34
Used to show blow out fractures
SHALLOW WATERS MODIFIED WATERS METHOD
35
ACANTHIOPARIETAL PROJECTION of the FACIAL BONES Method? CR? For Trauma? Px Position?
REVERSE WATERS METHOD Perpendicular to ENTER the ACANTHION and exits in PARIETAL region For TRAUMA Px: CR adjusted so that it will be PARALLEL with the MML OML forms 37 degrees OML forms 30 degrees (for TRAUMA patients) MML is approximately PERPENDICULAR to the cassette MSP is PERPENDICULAR Supine
36
LATERAL PROJECTION of the NASAL BONES CR? Px Position?
Perpendicular to the bridge of the nose at point ½ inch (1.3 cm) DISTAL to the NASION MSP is PARALLEL IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the IR
37
TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the Nasal Bones (IntraOral Cassette) CR? Px Position?
PARALLEL to the GLABELLOALVEOLAR line and PERPENDICULAR to the plane of IR MSP is VERTICAL and GLABELLOALVEOLAR line is HORIZONTAL Rest head on table or elevate it w/ a sponge Insert a film packet approx. 1 inch into the mouth
38
TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the Nasal Bones (ExtraOral Cassette) CR? Px Position?
PARALLEL to the GLABELLOALVEOLAR line and PERPENDICULAR to the plane of IR GLABELLOALVEOLAR line is PERPENDICULAR to the IR MSP is PERPENDICULAR Have chin supported by a sandbag
39
SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES CR? Px Position?
Perpendicular to the IOML & entering the MSP of the throat at a level of approx 1 inch POSTERIOR to the OUTER CANTHI Place IOML as nearly as PARALLEL to the plane of the IR as possible MSP is PERPENDICULAR Rest head on VERTEX
40
TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES Method? CR? Px Position?
MAY METHOD Perpendicular to the IOML and through the ZYGOMATIC ARCH at a point approx 1 ½ inches POSTERIOR to the OUTER CANTHUS IOML is PARALLEL as possible to IR MSP is 15 degrees AWAY from the side being EXAMINED PRONE or SEATED
41
AP PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES Method? CR? Px Position?
MODIFIED TOWNE METHOD Directed to enter the GLABELLA approx. 1 inch ABOVE the NASION 30 degrees CAUDAD 37 degrees CAUDAD (if Px is unable to flex the neck sufficiently, adjust IOML perpendicularly) OML & MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR Supine
41
PA PROJECTION of the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES Method? CR? Px Position?
MODIFIED TITTERINGTON METHOD entering the VERTEX midway between the ZYGOMATIC ARCHES 23 to 38 degrees CAUDAL MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR Rest the Px nose and chin PRONE
42
AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS CR? Px Position?
center to the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS (midway between the lips and the tip of the chin) 40 to 45 degrees CAUDAD POSTERIOR MSP of head is PERPENDICULAR to IR
43
PA PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR RAMI CR? Px Position?
Perpendicular to exit the ACANTHION OML PERPENDICULAR to IR MSP is PERPENDICULAR forehead & nose is in contact with the IR
44
PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR RAMI CR? Px Position?
center to exit at the ACANTHION 20 or 25 degrees CEPHALAD MSP or OML PERPENDICULAR to the plane of IR forehead & nose is in contact with the IR
45
PA PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR BODY CR? Px Position?
Perpendicular to the level of the lips MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR nose & chin is in contact with the IR Prone
46
PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the MANDIBULAR BODY Method? CR? Px Position?
ZANELLI METHOD Directed MIDWAY between the TMJ 30 degrees CEPHALAD MSP is PERPENDICULAR to IR nose & chin is in contact with the IR
47
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the MANDIBLE (RAMUS) CR? Px Position?
Pass directly through the MANDIBULAR region of interest enters slightly POSTERIORLY to the MANDIBULAR ANGLE on the side FARTHEST from the film 25 degrees CEPHALAD IPL is PERPENDICULAR keep the head in TRUE LATERAL POSITION
48
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the MANDIBLE (BODY) CR? Px Position?
Pass directly through the MANDIBULAR region of interest enters slightly POSTERIORLY to the MANDIBULAR ANGLE on the side FARTHEST from the film 25 degrees CEPHALAD IPL is PERPENDICULAR rotate head 30 degrees TOWARD the IR
49
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the MANDIBLE (SYMPHYSIS) CR? Px Position?
Pass directly through the MANDIBULAR region of interest enters slightly POSTERIORLY to the MANDIBULAR ANGLE on the side FARTHEST from the film 25 degrees CEPHALAD IPL is PERPENDICULAR rotate the Px head 45 degrees TOWARD the IR
50
SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION (SMV) of the MANDIBLE CR? Px Position?
Perpendicular to the IOML & centered midway between the angles of the MANDIBLE IOML is PARALLEL as possible
51
VERTICOSUBMENTAL of the MANDIBLE CR? Px Position?
Directed through the MSP & entering at the level just POSTERIOR to the OUTER CANTHI PERPENDICULAR to either the IOML or the OCCLUSAL PLANE MSP is VERTICAL & IOML PARALLEL to IR
52
AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATIONS CR? Px Position?
centered midway between the TMJ entering at a point approx. 3 inches ABOVE the NASION 35 degrees CAUDAD MSP of head is PERPENDICULAR to the IR OML is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
53
AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION of the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATIONS CR? Px Position?
about ½ inch ANTERIOR and 2 inches SUPERIOR to the upside EAM 25 to 30 degrees CAUDAD MSP is PARALLEL with the plane of IR IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
54
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the TEMPOROMANDIBULAR ARTICULATIONS Method? CR? Px Position?
MODIFIED LAW METHOD exits through the TMJ closest to the IR (CR enters about 1 ½ inches SUPERIOR to the upside EAM) 15 degrees CAUDAD MSP of head approx 15 degrees TOWARD the IR IP is PERPENDICULAR to the IR AML is PARALLEL to the transverse axis of IR
55
LATERAL PROJECTION of the PARANASAL SINUSES CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR and entering the head ½ to 1 inch posterior to the outer canthus MSP of the head is PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette. IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette. IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette
56
PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the FRONTAL AND ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES (Angled grid technique) Method? CR? Px Position?
CALDWELL METHOD Directed HORIZONTALLY to exit the NASION. Tilt vertical grid 15 degrees Rest the patient’s nose and forehead on the vertical grid device, and center the nasion to the IR. MSP and OML of patient’s head is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette
57
PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the FRONTAL AND ANTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES (Vertical grid technique) Method? CR? Px Position?
CALDWELL METHOD Directed HORIZONTALLY to exit the NASION. OML forms an angle of 15 degrees with the horizontal central ray. Extend the patient’s neck slightly, rest the tip of the nose on the grid device, and center the nasion to the IR. MSP of the patient’s head is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of the IR
58
PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the MAXILLARY SINUSES Method? CR? Px Position?
WATERS METHOD PERPENDICULAR to the cassette and exiting the acanthion Enters the vertex OML 37 degrees to the plane of cassette MML is approximately perpendicular to the cassette
59
PARIETOACANTHIAL PROJECTION of the MAXILLARY SINUSES (OPEN-MOUTH) Method? CR? Px Position?
OPEN-MOUTH WATERS METHOD/ PIRIE METHOD PERPENDICULAR to the cassette and exiting the acanthion Enters the vertex OML 37 degrees to the plane of cassette MML is NOT perpendicular to the cassette
60
SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the ETHMOIDAL AND SPHENOIDAL SINUSES CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR to the IOML through the sella turcica, entering on the MSP approximately ¾ inch anterior to the level of the EAM MSP is perpendicular to the cassette
61
PA PROJECTION of the POSTERIOR ETHMOIDAL SINUSES CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR to the IR centered to EXIT at the NASION Enters the external occipital protuberance MSP and OML is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of the cassette Center the NASION to the IR, rest the patient's forehead and nose on the grid device
62
PA PROJECTION of the SPHENOIDAL SINUSES CR? Px Position?
10 degrees CEPHALAD, passing through the sphenoidal sinuses exiting the glabella OR tilt the head unit down so that an angle of 10 degrees is obtained, and direct the central ray horizontally Center the GLABELLA to the IR, rest the patient's forehead and nose on the grid device OML is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
63
PA PROJECTION of the MAXILLARY SINUSES CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR to the IR, exiting midway between the infraorbital margins and the acanthion OML is PERPENDICULAR to the IR
64
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION Method? (Double-Tube Angulation) CR? Px Position?
ORIGINAL LAW METHOD (Double-Tube Angulation) entering approximately 2 inches posterior to, and 2 inches above, the uppermost EAM and exits the DOWNSIDE mastoid process 15 degrees CAUDAD and 15 degrees ANTERIORLY Double-Tube Angulation IP PERPENDICULAR to the cassette IOML and MSP PARALLEL to the plane of the cassette.
65
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION Method? CR? Px Position?
MODIFIED LAW METHOD (Single-Tube Angulation) CR enters approx 2 inches POSTERIOR to, and 2 inches superior, to the UPPERMOST EAM 15 degrees CAUDAD IOML is PARALLEL and IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette MSP of head is 15 degrees toward the cassette.
66
AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION Method? (3 Methods) CR? Px Position?
HENSCHEN, SCHULLER, AND LYSHOLM METHODS HENSCHEN METHOD: 15 degrees CAUDAD SCHULLER METHOD: 25 degrees CAUDAD LYSHOLM/ RUNSTROM II METHOD: 35 degrees CAUDAD MSP of the head is in PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette. IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette. IOML is PARALLEL to the cassette.
67
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (Posterior profile) Method? CR? Px Position?
STENVERS METHOD 3 to 4 inches POSTERIOR and ½ inch INFERIOR to the upside EAM and EXITS about 1 inch anterior to the downside EAM 12 degrees CEPHALAD IOML PARALLEL to the transverse axis of the cassette. MSP 45 degrees to the plane of the cassette. Rest head on the forehead, nose, and cheek w/ the side being examined CLOSEST to the cassette
68
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (Anterior profile) Method? CR? Px Position?
ARCELIN METHOD 1 inch ANTERIOR to EAM and ¾ inch ABOVE it 10 degrees CAUDAD IOML PERPENDICULAR to the cassette. Rotate patient head away from side being examined so the MSP is 45 degrees with the plane of the cassette.
69
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (MAYER METHOD) CR? Px Position?
Directed at an angle of 45 degrees CAUDAD to exit the EAM closest to the cassette. MSP of head is 45 degrees, side of interest is closest to the cassette. The petrous pyramid is perpendicular to the cassette IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette
70
MODIFICATIONS OF MAYER METHOD
OWEN MODIFICATIONS Pendergrass, Schaeffer, and Hodes: Total 38 degrees caudally CR 28 degrees CAUDALLY and Tabletop IR and head 10 degrees CAUDALLY MSP 40 degrees Etter and Cross: 25 to 30 degrees CAUDALLY MSP 30 degrees Compere: 30 degrees CAUDALLY MSP 30 to 45 degrees
71
AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION Method? CR? Px Position?
TOWNE METHOD CR enters approximately 2 ½ inches ABOVE the nasion and passes through at the level of EAMs. 30 degrees CAUDALLY to OML or 37 degrees to the IOML. MSP and OML PERPENDICULAR
72
SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR to OML and centered to the sagittal plane of the throat at the level of EAMs. OML is PARALLEL to the IR MSP PERPENDICULAR to the grid
73
SUBMENTOVERTICAL PROJECTION of the PETROMASTOID PORTION (HIRTZ MODIFICATION) CR? Px Position?
midway between and 1 inch ANTERIOR to the EAMs at an ANTERIOR angle of 5 degrees. OML is PARALLEL to the IR MSP PERPENDICULAR to the grid
74
AP TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the MASTOID PROCESS Method? CR? Px Position?
HICKEY METHOD PERPENDICULAR 1 inch SUPERIOR to palpable tip of the mastoid. Entering the anterior border of the mastoid process Tilt the vertical grid device 15 degrees. IOML is PERPENDICULAR to the front edge of the cassette Rotate patient’s face AWAY from side being examined until MSP is 55 degrees with the plane of the cassette
75
PA TANGENTIAL PROJECTION of the MASTOID PROCESS CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR 1 inch SUPERIOR to the palpable tip of the mastoid process. Entering the posterior border of the mastoid IOML is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of the cassette Tilt the grid or cassette 15 degrees Rotate face AWAY from side being examined until MSP is 55 degrees to the plane of the cassette.
76
AP PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS Method? CR? Px Position?
FUCHS METHOD PERPENDICULAR to head through the MSP and PARALLEL with a line extending through the EAMs Angle the top of the grid device 13 degrees downward toward the patient. MSP and AML is PERPENDICULAR to the plane of cassette OPEN MOUTH
77
PA AXIAL PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS Method? CR? Px Position?
CAHOON METHOD Directed to NASION 25 degrees cephalad MSP and OML are PERPENDICULAR to cassette Rest the patient’s forehead and nose on the grid device
78
AP OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS Method? CR? Px Position?
WIGBY-TAYLOR METHOD along a line passing approximately ¼ inch distal to the tip of the mastoid process of the side adjacent to cassette 8 degrees CEPHALAD (Rotate the MSP of head 12 degrees toward the side being examined) OPEN MOUTH
79
AXIOLATERAL PROJECTION of the STYLOID PROCESS Method? CR? Px Position?
FUCHS METHOD Directed to the EAM closest to the cassette 10 degrees CEPHALAD and 10 degrees anteriorly. MSP is PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette. IP is PERPENDICULAR to the cassette. AML is PARALLEL OPEN MOUTH
80
SUBMENTOVERTICAL AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA Methods
KEMP-HARPER METHOD ERASO MODIFICATION
81
SUBMENTOVERTICAL AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA (KEMP-HARPER METHOD) CR? Px Position?
Directed 1 inch DISTAL to the mandibular symphysis at a 20 degree POSTERIOR angle OML is PARALLEL with the plane of the cassette MSP is PERPENDICULAR to cassette
82
SUBMENTOVERTICAL AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA (ERASO MODIFICATION) CR? Px Position?
PERPENDICULAR to midpoint of cassette approximately 2 inches distal mandibular symphysis. OML at 25 degrees with the cassette MSP is PERPENDICULAR
83
AP AXIAL PROJECTION of the JUGULAR FORAMINA Method? CR? Px Position?
CHAUSSE II METHOD Enters through the OPEN MOUTH at an angle of 25 degrees CEPHALAD AML at an angle of 10 degrees superior from the vertical. Rotate MSP of head 10 degrees toward the side being examined
84
AXIOLATERAL OBLIQUE PROJECTION of the HYPOGLOSSAL CANAL Method? CR? Px Position?
MILLER METHOD enter 1 inch directly ANTERIOR to, and ½ inch INFERIOR to, the level of the EAM on the side farthest from the cassette 12 degrees CAUDAD IOML is PARALLEL with the transverse axis of the cassette. Rotate MSP of the head 45 degrees AWAY from the side being examined OPEN mouth
85
INFEROSUPERIOR TRANSFACIAL
30 degrees cephalad to the inferior angle of the mandible IPL is 10 to 15 degrees from the IR
86
OBLIQUE TRANSFACIAL
ZANELLI METHOD Perpendicular to the mandibular angle Rest the cheek against the IR MSP 30 degrees to the IR AML is parallel
87
LATERAL TRANSFACIAL
ALBERS-SCHONBERG 20 degrees cephalad Semi Prone MSP is parallel IPL is perpendicular IOML parallel to the transverse axis of the film
88
GRANGER METHOD 23
23 degrees caudally to the IOML Prone Forehead touching the table
89
GRANGER METHOD 17
17 degrees cephalad to the IOML Prone Forehead touching the table

SKULL POSITIONING (1 decks)

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