(SL) Unit 5: Evolution and Biodiversity; Topic 5.3 Classification of Biodiversity Flashcards
Flashcard Main Resource: https://ib.bioninja.com.au/standard-level/topic-5-evolution-and-biodi/53-classification-of-biodiv/ (158 cards)
1
Q
Define Species
A
A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
2
Q
What are the 7 characteristics of organisms?
A
Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, and Nutrition.
3
Q
What is the binomial system of nomenclature?
A
It is the formal system by which all living species are classified (taxonomy).
4
Q
Who developed the binomial system of nomenclature?
A
Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus
5
Q
When was the binomial system of nomenclature developed?
A
in 1735
6
Q
The binomial system of nomenclature allows for..
A
the identification and comparison of organisms based on recognised characteristics
7
Q
The binomial system of nomenclature allows all organisms to…
A
be named according to a globally recognised scheme
8
Q
The binomial system of nomenclature can show…
A
how closely related organisms are, allowing for the prediction of evolutionary links
9
Q
The binomial system of nomenclature makes it easier to…
A
collect, sort and group information about organisms
10
Q
According to the binomial system of nomenclature, every organism is designated a scientific name with two parts, What are they?
A
Genus and Species
11
Q
How is the Genus written?
A
It is written first and is capitalised
12
Q
How is the species written?
A
It follows the Genus and is written in lowercase
13
Q
What is the sub-species?
A
it is a rank of classification below species
14
Q
How is the sub-species written?
A
It follows the species and is written in lowercase
15
Q
When typing a scientific name, it should be…
A
typed in italics
16
Q
When handwriting a scientific name, it should be
A
underlined
17
Q
What are domains?
A
the three major categories of life
18
Q
All living organisms are classified into three domains, What are they?
A
Eukarya , Archaea, and Eubacteria
19
Q
Eukarya are…
A
eukaryotic organisms that contain a membrane-bound nucleus
20
Q
What are some examples of Eukarya?
A
protist, plants, fungi and animals
21
Q
Archaea are…
A
prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the extremophiles
22
Q
What are extremophiles?
A
a microorganism, especially an archaean, that lives in conditions of extreme temperature, acidity, alkalinity, or chemical concentration.
23
Q
What are some examples of Archaea?
A
methanogens and thermophiles
24
Q
Eubacteria are…
A
prokaryotic cells lacking a nucleus and consist of the common pathogenic forms
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What is pathogenic forms?
organisms that can cause disease
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What are some examples of Eubacteria?
E. coli and S. aureus
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What are Prokaryotes?
they are single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles.
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What are Eukaryotes?
they are any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
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What is ribosomal RNA?
it is a molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome
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Recent evidence from genetic studies of ribosomal RNA has shown that either Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes are far more diverse than anyone had suspected. Which of the 2 is applicable? (Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes)
Prokaryotes
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Why was the previously known single kingdom (Monera) reclassified into separate domains?
the discovery of biochemical differences
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What is Taxonomy?
it is the science involved with classifying groups of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics
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Organisms are grouped according to...
a series of hierarchical taxa, the more taxa organisms share, the more similar they are
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The principal taxa for classifying eukaryotes is...
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species
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What is the kingdom?
a taxonomic group that contains one or more phyla.
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What is the phylum?
a subdivision of a kingdom, composed of one or more classes of organism.
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What is the class?
a subdivision of a phylum, a class is composed of one or more orders of organism.
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What is the order?
a subdivision of a class, composed of one or more families of organism.
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What is the family?
a subdivision of an order: composed of one or more genera.
40
All plant and animal species belong to the same domain (Eukarya) because...
they are composed of eukaryotic cells
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Plants and Animals differ in their classification beyond the Eukarya domain as they belong to
different kingdoms
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What are the two main classification schemes used to identify living organisms?
artificial classification and natural classification
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Artificial classification involves...
arbitrarily selecting unifying characteristics first and then grouping organisms accordingly
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What is arbitrarily?
choices on the basis of random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system.
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What is an advantage of artificial classification?
such schemes are easy to develop and relatively stable (unlikely to change)
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What is a disadvantage of artificial classification?
they do not generally show evolutionary relationships
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Natural classification involves...
grouping organisms based on similarities first and then identifying shared characteristics
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What is an advantage of natural classification?
it can be used to show evolutionary relationships and predict characteristics shared by species within a group
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What is a disadvantage of natural classification?
they are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered
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What is a disadvantage of natural classification?
they are highly mutable and tend to change as new information is discovered
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What is mutable?
liable to change
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Which type of classification scheme says that "each taxonomic level includes all species that would have evolved from a common ancestor"
natural classification
53
The kingdom Plantae contains 12 phyla which includes...
bryophytes, filicinophytes, coniferophytes and angiospermophytes
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What does it mean when a plant is vascular?
it means they have phyloen and xylem
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What is the role of xylem in a plant?
transports H2O from the roots to other parts of the plant.
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What is the role of phyloen in a plant?
transports food/nutrients from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
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Which of the kingdom Plantae phyla are non- vascular plants?
Chlorophyta and Bryophyta.
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Which of the kingdom Plantae phyla are vascular plants?
Filicpophyta, Conniferophya, Angiospermophyta
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What are the structures of Bryophyta
No "true"leaves, roots or stems
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Does Bryophyta have vascular tissue?
No
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What is the reproduction structure of the Bryophyta?
Spores
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What are some features of Bryophytes?
they are anchored by rhizoids
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What is an example of a Bryophyta?
Mosses
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What are the structures of Filicinophyta?
Have leaves, roots and stems
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Does Filicinophyta have vascular tissue?
Yes
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What is the reproduction structure of the Bryophyta?
Spores
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What are some features of Filicinophyta?
Leaves are pinnate
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What is pinnate?
having leaflets arranged on either side of the stem usually in pairs opposite each other.
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What is an example of Filicinophyta?
Ferns
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What are the structures of Coniferophyta?
Have leaves, roots and stems
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Does Coniferophyta have vascular tissue?
Yes
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What is the reproduction structure of the Coniferophyta?
Seeds (in cones)
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What are some features of Coniferophyta?
Woody stems
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What is an example of a Coniferophyta?
Pines
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What are the structures of Angiospermophyta?
Have leaves, roots and stems
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Does Angiospermophyta have vascular tissue?
Yes
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What is the reproduction structure of the Angiospermophyta?
Seeds (in cones)
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What are some features of Angiospermophyta?
Have flowers and fruits
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What is an example of an Angiospermophyta?
Flowering plants
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What are Eukaryotes?
they are any cell or organism that possesses a clearly defined nucleus
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What is ribosomal RNA?
it is a molecule in cells that forms part of the protein-synthesizing organelle known as a ribosome
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The kingdom Animalia can be sub-divided into two main groups, what are they?
invertebrates and vertebrates
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What are invertebrates?
an animal lacking a backbone
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What are vertebrates?
organisms which have an internal backbone surrounded by bone, they all belong to the phylum Chordata.
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What are the main phyla in the invertebrate phyla?
Porifera, cnidaria, Platyhelmintha, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Chordata.
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What kind of symmetry does Porifera have?
None
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Is Porifera segmented?
no
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Does Porifera have a single entrance body cavity?
No, It has no mouth or anus, instead it has pores to facilitate the circulation of material
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What are other features of Porifera?
They are attached to rocks, and have porous along with a filter feeder.
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What are examples of Porifera?
sponges.
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What kind of symmetry does Cnidaria have?
None
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Is Cnidaria segmented?
Yes, it has radial symmetry
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Does Cnidaria have a single entrance body cavity?
Yes, it has a mouth but no anus.
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What are other features of Cnidaria?
They have stinging cells and tentacles.
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What are examples of Cnidaria?
Corals, Jellyfish
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What kind of symmetry does Platyhelmintha have?
Bilateral
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Is Platyhelmintha segmented?
no
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Does Platyhelmintha have a single entrance body cavity?
yes, it has a mouth but no anus
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What are other features of Platyhelmintha?
They have a flattened body.
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What are examples of Platyhelmintha?
Flatworms
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What kind of symmetry does Annelida have?
Bilateral
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Is Annelida segmented?
yes, it is very segmented
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Does Annelida have a single-entrance body cavity?
No, it has a separate mouth and anus
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What are other features of Annelida?
it often has bristles present
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What are examples of Annelida?
earthworms and leeches.
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What kind of symmetry does Mollusca have?
Bilateral
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Is Mollusca segmented?
yes, it has soft or non visible segmentation
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Does Mollusca have a single entrance body cavity?
No, it has a separate mouth and anus
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What are other features of Mollusca?
Most Mollusca have shells made of CaCO3
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What are examples of Mollusca?
Oyster, Snails, Octopus
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What kind of symmetry does Arthropoda have?
Bilateral
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Is Arthropoda segmented?
yes, it is segmented
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Does Arthropoda have a single entrance body cavity?
No, it has a separate mouth and anus
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What are other features of Arthropoda?
They have an exoskeleton and jointed appendages.
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What are examples of Arthropoda?
Ant, Scorpian, Crab
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What kind of symmetry does Chordata have?
Bilteral
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Is Chordata segmented?
Yes, it is segmented
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Does Chordata have a single entrance body cavity?
No, it has a separate mouth and anus
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What are other features of Chordata?
They have a hollow dorsal nerve chord, and a notochord, and (some have) pharyngeal slits.
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What are examples of Chordata?
Fish, Birds, Mammals.
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Chordates are animals that possess certain key features in an embryonic state that may persist into adulthood, these features include...
a notochord, hollow dorsal neural tube, pharyngeal slits and a post-anal tail
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What is an embryonic state?
it is the embryonic stage that lasts through the eighth week following fertilization, after which the embryo is called a fetus.
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What are some structural features of organisms in the sub-phylum Vertebrata? (includes birds, mammals, amphibians, reptiles and fish)
the neural tube of the organism will develop into a spine and the notochord will form a protective backbone
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What are the main classes in the vertebrate phyla?
Fish, Amphibians, Reptiles, Mammals and Birds.
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What kind of limbs do Fish have?
Fins
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What kind of gas exchange do Fish have?
Through their gills
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How do Fish reproduce?
External Fertilization in most species
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What is external fertilization?
when the sperm and egg meet outside the organism.
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Do Fish maintain a constant internal body temperature?
No, they are ectothermic
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What are other features of Fish?
Their scales grow from their skin, they have a single gill slit, and a swim bladder for buoyancy
131
What is buoyancy?
Buoyancy is the tendency of an object to float in a fluid.
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What kind of limbs do Amphibians have?
4 Pentadactyl limbs
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What are Pentadactyl limbs?
A limb with five digits such as a human hand or foot
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What kind of gas exchange do Amphibians have?
They have simple lungs with small internal folds and moist surfaces
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How do Amphibians reproduce?
They have external fertilization in water and have protective jelly around eggs. Their larval lives in water.
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Do Amphibians maintain a constant internal body temperature?
No, they are ectothermic
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What are other features of Amphibians?
They have soft moist permeable skin.
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What is permeable skin?
permeable skin means that the skin of the organism can let substances go through.
139
What kind of limbs do Reptiles have?
They have 4 pentadactyl limbs.
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What kind of gas exchange do Reptiles have?
they have lungs with extensive folding
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How do Reptiles reproduce?
They have internal fertilization and soft shells around the eggs.
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What is internal fertilization?
Internal fertilization is the process of fertilization that occurs inside the organism
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Do Reptiles maintain a constant internal body temperature?
No, they are ectothermic
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What are other features of Reptiles?
They have dry scaly impermeable skin and simple teeth - no living tissue
145
What is impermeable skin?
it is the skin barrier that does not permit the passage of a fluid
146
What kind of limbs do Birds have?
They have 4 pentadactyl limbs, 2 limbs modified as wings.
147
What kind of gas exchange do Birds have?
They have lungs with parabronchial tubes
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How do Birds reproduce?
They have internal fertilization and hard shells around the eggs.
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Do Birds maintain a constant internal body temperature?
Yes, they are endothermic
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What are other features of Birds?
They have feathers growing from their skin and have a beak but no teeth.
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What kind of limbs do Mammals have?
they have 4 pentadactyl limbs
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What kind of gas exchange do Mammals have?
they have lungs with alveoli
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How do Mammals reproduce?
they have internal fertilization, give birth to live young, and have mammary glands which secrete milk.
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Do Mammals maintain a constant internal body temperature?
Yes, they are endothermic
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What are other features of Mammals?
They have hairs that grow from the skin and have teeth including living tissue.
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What is a dichotomous key?
it is a method of identification whereby groups of organisms are divided into two categories repeatedly
157
How do you know when an organism has been identified?
When the organism no longer shares its totality of selected characteristics with any organism
158
When using a dichotomous key to identify specimens it is preferable to use...
immutable features (i.e. features that do not change)
