SLDA Flashcards
(78 cards)
1
Q
What is dementia?
A
A syndrome characterised by acquired and persistent impairment of multiple cognitive domains that is severe enough to limit competence in ADLs, occupation, and social interactions.
2
Q
What are early dementia symptoms?
A
Apathetic behavior.
Loss of interest in hobbies and activities.
Poor judgement.
3
Q
What are moderate dementia symptoms?
A
Forgetting names of family and/or friends.
Seeing or hearing things that are not there.
Confusion regarding time and place.
4
Q
What are advanced dementia symptoms?
A
Loss of ability to understand/use speech.
Failure to recognise everyday objects.
Aggressive behaviour.
5
Q
What is the pathology of Alzheimer’s disease?
A
Amyloid plaques.
Neurofibrillary tangles (TAU).
6
Q
Which brain regions are affected in Alzheimer’s disease?
A
Temporal lobes.
Parietal lobes.
Hippocampus.
7
Q
What are clinical features of Alzheimer’s disease?
A
Memory deficits.
Disorientation.
Language changes (e.g., empty/tangential speech).
8
Q
What causes vascular dementia?
A
Brain damage resulting from restricted blood flow in the white and grey matter.
9
Q
What are the clinical features of vascular dementia?
A
Similar to Alzheimer’s disease.
Memory less affected.
Mood fluctuations.
Motor speech disturbance.
10
Q
What pathology is associated with dementia with Lewy bodies?
A
Abnormal collection of alpha-synuclein (Lewy Bodies).
11
Q
What are the clinical features of dementia with Lewy bodies?
A
Fluctuating cognitive state.
Discourse impairment.
Sentence processing difficulties.
12
Q
What is the pathology of frontotemporal dementia?
A
No single pathology.
13
Q
What are the clinical features of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia?
A
Disinhibition.
Apathy.
Executive deficits.
14
Q
What are the clinical features of semantic variant PPA/FTD?
A
Anomia.
Impaired word comprehension.
Impaired object knowledge.
Spared motor speech and repetition.
15
Q
What are the clinical features of non-fluent/agrammatic variant of PPA/FTD?
A
Agrammatism.
Impaired comprehension of complex sentences.
Apraxia.
16
Q
What are the clinical features of logopenic variant of PPA?
A
Word retrieval deficit.
Poor repetition.
Phonemic paraphasias.
17
Q
What is the pathology associated with Huntington’s disease?
A
Huntington protein, genetic - CAG repeat.
18
Q
What are the clinical features of Huntington’s disease?
A
Involuntary movement.
Cognitive impairment.
Psychiatric symptoms.
19
Q
What are some assessments for dementia?
A
Arizona Battery of Communication Disorders in Dementia (ABCD).
Sydney Language Battery (SYD-BAT).
Communication Activities of Daily Living (CADL).
Dementia Quality of Life (DEM-QoL).
20
Q
What are direct interventions for dementia?
A
Cognitive Training.
Cognitive Stimulation (CST).
Spaced Retrieval Therapy (SRT).
AAC.
21
Q
What are indirect interventions for dementia?
A
Life Story Work.
Reminiscence Therapy.
Montessori Methods for Dementia.
Communication Partner Training.
Music Therapy.
22
Q
What are the language functions of the RH?
A
Pragmatics.
Discourse.
Inference.
Humour.
Social Cognition.
23
Q
What is the Coarse-Coding Framework (RH)?
A
Both hemispheres play different but complementary roles in language and semantics.
24
Q
What does the Cognitive Resources Hypothesis (RH) state?
A
RHD impairments can be explained by limitations on cognitive resources.
25
What are the assessments for Right Hemisphere Language Disorder?
Right Hemisphere Language Battery.
Measures of Cognitive-Linguistic Abilities (MCLA).
Pragmatics Profile of Everyday Communication.
CADL.
26
What are the components of RHD Interventions?
Pragmatics: social skills training, metacognitive strategies, and social scripts.
Discourse: identifying themes, main ideas, and retelling stories.
High level language: inference generation tasks.
Prosody: treatments for emotional prosody.
27
What is a Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)?
An insult to the head or a penetrating head injury that disrupts function of the brain.
28
What does Diffuse Axonal Injury involve?
Tensional, rotational, and shearing of the axons in the subcortical white matter, brain stem, and corpus callosum.
29
What are Coup and Contra Coup forces?
Coup: Site of contact of brain with cranium.
Contra Coup: Rebound site of brain with cranium.
30
What is Post Traumatic Amnesia?
Period of recovery following TBI characterised by disorientation, distractibility, and difficulty with thinking, memory, and concentration.
31
What are common symptoms of TBI?
Apraxia.
Dysphagia.
Dysphonia.
Sensory/perceptual impairments.
Cognitive impairments.
Cognitive-communication impairments.
32
What assessments are used for TBI?
Scale of Cognitive Ability for TBI (SCATBI).
Mount Wilga High Level Language Test.
MCLA.
CADL.
La Trobe Communication Questionnaire.
33
What are rehabilitation approaches for TBI?
Executive Function/Self-Regulation.
Specific Aspects of Cognition: Memory aids, errorless learning, and SRT.
Social Communication: Understanding of social, pragmatic, and conversational skills and social competency in communication.
Psychosocial and Behavioural Changes: Support groups.
34
What are Progressive Neurological Disorders (PND)?
A condition affecting any part of the central or peripheral nervous system where there is a progressive deterioration in functioning:
Cognitive impairment.
Movement disorder.
Reduction in strength.
Reduction in sensation.
Incoordination.
35
What is the purpose of communication assessment (PND)?
To develop a communication skills profle.
Communication Participation Item Bank: investigates the extent the condition interferes with participation in communication situations.
36
What are the stages of intervention for PND?
Early: Information and education and discussion for future management.
Mid: Increased focus on communication environment and partners, introduce AAC early.
Late: AAC dependence, QoL interventions.
37
What is neurodiversity?
An umbrella term to position neurodevelopmental differences such as ADHD and autism as natural variations in human neurology rather than deficits to be fixed.
38
What is autism?
Difficulties with social communication and social reciprocity, and the presence of restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour.
39
What are the severity levels in autism?
Level 1: Requiring support, mildest form of autism, and able to speak in full sentences and communicate.
Level 2: Requiring substantial support, obvious problems with verbal, non-verbal and social communication, and speaks in simple sentences.
Level 3: Requiring very substantial support, most severe form of autism, limited ability to speak intelligibly, and difficulties expressing themselves verbally and non-verbally.
40
What is Pathological Demand Avoidance (PDA)?
Persistent avoidance of everyday demands and the use of strategies to avoid the demand.
41
What are the three categories of ADHD?
Inattentive: Difficulties holding attention, easily distractible, does not follow through on instructions.
Hyperactive/impulsive: Often fidgets or squirms in seat, talks excessively, and interrupts or intrudes on others.
Combined: If enough symptoms of both criteria are present.
42
What are the processes involved in neurodiversity assessment?
Case history and family history.
School/kindergarten visits.
Observation with different communication partners in each environment.
Interacting with the individual.
Consider play, routine, gestures, speech, pragmatics, and communication temptations.
43
What are some neurodiversity assessments?
Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ).
Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals (CELF-5).
Children's Communication Checklist (CCC-2).
Pragmatics Profile.
Strengths Based Assessment.
44
What are interventions for neurodiversity?
Behavioral Therapy: Discrete Trial Training (DTT).
Family-based Therapy: Hanen More than Words (parent education, social support, and early intervention), Hanen Talkability.
Combined Therapy: SCERTS Model, Floortime (relationship based therapy with strong sensory component), TEACCH.
45
What are some resources and supports for neurodiversity?
Social stories.
Fidgets.
Sensory toys.
Mini-whiteboards.
AAC.
Visual reminders.
Communication cards.
Adjusting environment e.g., lighting, noise, furniture.
46
What is multimodal communication?
Enables individuals to efficiently engage in a variety of interactions and participate in activities of their choice.
47
What are targeted systems?
Support expression and comprehension in a specific context or for a specific purpose.
48
What are comprehensive systems?
Support expression and comprehension across contexts.
49
What is Dowden's Continuum of Communication Independence?
Emergent/Pre-Intentional.
Context-Dependent.
Independent.
50
What does emergent/pre-intentional communication involve?
Passive: Aware of environment, reacts to stimuli, indicates comfort or distress, CP assigns intent and meaning.
Active: Attempts to act on environment, repertoire of different behaviours, CP assigns meaning.
51
What does context-dependent communication involve?
Intentional/Informal: Acts on environment to create a specific effect e.g., use objects to get attention, simple imitation skills, concrete level of functioning.
Basic-Symbolic: Solves simple errors through trial and error, communicates through conventional strategies (e.g., words, gestures), some symbols used at single-word level.
Established-Symbolic: Internal mental representation of the world, uses symbolic representation to construct messages, thinks about problems rather than trial and error.
52
What is symbolic representation in AAC?
Symbol: No resemblance between the signifier and the signified, connection must be learned.
Index: Sensory or innate connection between the signifier and the signified.
Icon: Resemblance to the signified.
Iconicity: Degree to which the signifier resembles the signified.
53
What are considerations for AAC systems?
Encoding (i.e., iconic - one symbol represents one meaning; semantic compaction - combination of symbols required for meaning), vocabulary, grid displays, organisation, grid symbols/size, visual scene displays, and cultural considerations.
54
What is palliative care?
Person- and family-centred care provided for a person with an active progressive, advanced disease who has little or no prospect for cure and who is expected to
die, and for whom the primary treatment goal is to optimise their QoL.
55
What are the frameworks in palliative care?
Palliative Rehabilitation: skills and strategies are used to ameliorate limitations in communication and/or swallowing status, ensures comfort and QoL, and can be used with other treatments.
Neuropalliative Rehabilitation: Coordination of care between neurology, rehabilitation, and palliative care principles for symptom control.
56
What are the approaches to palliative care?
Preventative: To reduce the impact and severity of potential disabilities/symptoms.
Restorative: Returning to a previous level of function may be anticipated.
Supportive: To adapt to the changing health.
Palliative: To limit the impact of the advancing disease whilst acknowledging the reality of death, and to enhance patient care by centralising the patient at the end of life.
57
What is the role of Speech Pathology in palliative care?
Providing consultation regarding communication and/or swallowing.
Developing communication strategies.
Developing feeding and swallowing strategies.
Working with interprofessional team.
58
What is the goal of dysphagia management in palliative care?
Goal is education and comfort, not to reduce the risk of aspiration.
Non-oral Feeding: Will not change the outcome, rather the prolong the inevitable, and may have negative consequences e.g., pain, infection, regurgitation.
Comfort/Risk Feeding: Identify food and fluid consistencies that are acceptable to the individual that can be comfortably ingested without causing distress.
59
What are types of brain cancer?
Gliomas: Start in the cells of the brain which hold nerve cells in place - astrocytomas (most common) and ependymomas.
Low-grade Astrocytomas: Typically grade 1 (benign) and arise in the posterior cranial fossa or midline structures.
Medulloblastomas (second most common): Typically develop in the cerebellum and may spread to the spinal cord or to other parts of the brain (grade 4 - malignant).
60
What is the importance of the cerebellum?
Coordination and initiation of movement, higher cognitive functions, processing information, working memory, attentional control, and behaviour and affect.
61
What are symptoms of Posterior Fossa Syndrome?
Reduced speech (dysarthria/dyspraxia).
Dysphagia.
Hypotonia.
Ataxia.
Mood changes.
62
What are the late effects of cancer treatment?
Chronic neurocognitive efects (common for posterior fossa tumours).
Deficits in IQ from 24 months post-treatment.
Increased risk of poor QoL.
63
What are neurocognitive sequelae from impact of radiotherapy?
Cognitive difficulties may manifest in a range of core domains such as information processing speed, attention, and working memory.
Impacted cognitive functions provide the foundations for the ability to learn efficiently and retain information.
64
What are the three components of early hearing detection and intervention (EDHI)?
1. Screening and diagnosis of hearing loss no later than one month of age.
2. Hearing aid ftting no later than three months of age.
3. Early intervention no later than six months of age.
(Cochlear implants by 6-9 months and no later than 12 months).
65
What is essential for early intervention in hearing loss?
For speech to occur, requires use of audition, may be Auslan, sign, speech only, auditory/oral sign, or auditory/verbal sign.
For language to occur, requires rich language input that follows a normal development model.
Parent is key: coach parent as primary agent of change for child.
66
What are the brain regions associated with Lewy Bodies Dementia?
Basal ganglia.
Hippocampus.
67
What are the brain regions associated with svPPA/FTD?
Anterior temporal lobe.
68
What are the brain regions associated with nfvPPA/FTD?
Left frontoinsular region.
69
What are the brain regions associated with lvPPA?
Perisylvian region.
Parietal lobe.
70
What are the brain regions associated with Huntington's Disease?
Basal ganglia.
Frontal lobe.
71
What is the Social Cognition Deficits Hypothesis (RH)?
Highlights the RH's role in social cognition.
72
What is swelling (TBI)?
Accumulation of blood/bruising may cause midline shift.
73
What is the Checklist of Communicative Competencies (Triple C)?
Pre-Intentional Communication.
Intentional Informal Communication.
Symbolic Communication.
Literacy.
74
What does literate/independent communication involve?
Can understand and use text to represent ideas, symbolic representation may be verbal, visual, or both, competent communicators.
75
What are some AAC assessment tools?
AAC Profile: Measures subjective functional skills for developing communicative competence using AAC systems.
Dynamic AAC Goals Grid (DAGG-3): Assesses an individual's current skills to ensure all areas of Light's Communicative Competencies are considered.
Roadmap of Communicative Competence (ROCC): To identify, plan, and implement communication change within a specific setting.
76
What is Brain Cancer?
The abnormal growth of cells beyond their intended size, site, and functional capabilities in the brain.
77
What are the interventions for Brain Cancer?
Cognitive Behavioural.
Environmental: Examples include extended time for completion of assignments, lower homework expectations, and reduced cognitive load.
Rehabilitation.
78
What are the components of Mother-Child Interaction (Hearing Loss)?
Amount of input directed to the child.
Richness/length of input: Immerse child in structure of language to foster development of phonology, syntax, memory, and verbal processing speed.
Content: Semantic and syntactic diversity.
Pitch and stress (prosody).
