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Biopsych > Sleep > Flashcards

Sleep Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

Polysomnogram

A

Overnight sleep study used to diagnose sleep disorders

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2
Q

EEG

A

Electro-Encephalogram
-many surface electrodes - signals are a summation of many neurons

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3
Q

Electro-Oculogram (EOG)

A

Records eye movements through electrical activity generated by the eyes

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4
Q

Electro-Myogram (EMG)

A

Electrical activity at rest and during contraction of muscles

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5
Q
  • Electro-Cardiogram (EKG)
A

Records electrical activity of the heart and rhythm

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6
Q

what do large deflections on an EEG show

A

synchronised activity

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7
Q

what is a hertz

A

1= 1 cycle/second

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8
Q

Beta waves

A

13-30 Hz

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9
Q

alpha waves

A

8-13 Hz

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10
Q

theta waves

A

3.5-7.5 Hz

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11
Q

delta waves

A

< 4Hz

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12
Q

wave activity during wakefulness

A

alpha and beta

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13
Q

wave activity during stage 1 and 2 sleep

A

theta activity
sleep spindles
k complex

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14
Q

wave activity in stage 4 sleep

A

delta

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15
Q

wave activity in REM sleep

A

theta and beta activity

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16
Q

what can occur during REM sleep

A

Rapid eye movements
loss of muscle tone (paralysis)
penile erection/vaginal secretion
narrative dreams

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17
Q

what makes up the reticular activating system (RAS)

A

a group of dozens of nuclei running through medulla, pons and tegmentum

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18
Q

what are the two groups of acetylcholinergic neurons

A

mentencephalon - reticular activating system
telencephalon - basal forebrain

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19
Q

how is noradrenaline involved in arousal

A

from locus coeruleus (in RAS in Pons)
induced by external stimuli

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20
Q

how is serotonin involved in arousal

A

from raphe nuclei (RAS in pons and medulla)
influences locomotion and cortical arousal
not sensitive to external stimuli

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21
Q

how is histamine involved in arousal

A

in the tuberomammillary nucleus (hypothalamus)
high during wakefulness

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22
Q

how is hypocretin involved in arousal

A

in the lateral hypothalamus
has excitatory connections e.g. to locus coerelus and raphe nuclei
active during wakefulness and exploration

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23
Q

what is the ventrolateral preoptic area

A

part of the hypothalamus - crucial for falling asleep
main neurotransmitter is GABA-ergic (inhibitory) synapses to brain areas associated with wakefulness

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24
Q

what is the flip-flop system

A

mutual inhibition between sleep promoting region of VLPOA and arousal systems
only one state can be active at one time

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25
describe the onset of REM sleep
Mutual inhibition REM ON area in the pons (sublaterodorsal nucleus) VLpag in midbrain is REM OFF
26
what influences the onset of REM sleep
whilst awake, lateral hypothalamus neurons activates the REM-OFF area, so REM ON area is inhibited During slow wave sleep vlPOA inhibits the LH and REMOFF area
27
why may REM sleep not occur
REM ON area is also inhibited by noradrenaline from locus coeruleus and serotonin raphe nucleus These neurotransmitters slowly reduce during slow wave sleep - only when low enough is when inhibition stops and REM sleep starts
28
what neurotransmitter is active in REM sleep
acetylcholine from the forebrain and the pons - responsible for desynchronised EEG signals
29
how does muscle paralysis occur during REM sleep
SLD (REM ON) has axons that activates magnocellular nucleus which have synapses to motor neurons Inhibition of spinal motor neurons
30
what may eye movements be related to
eye movements may be related to scanning visual scenes in dreams
31
why may we dream (activation-synthesis hypothesis)
external and internal stimuli - brain is attempting to process brain synthesises story
32
what does lack of long term memory of dreams suggest
dreams are mechanistic - a byproduct rather than having a specific function
33
what is the flip-flop cycle influenced by
homeostatic control allostatic control circadian control
34
how is sleep homeostatically controlled
astrocytes store use glycogen to produce glucose - adenosine then released increased levels of adenosine increase slow wave sleep adenosine has inhibitory effects on neurons
35
what are the two hypothesis for adenosine action
Disinhibition of vlPOA Inhibition of hypocretinergic neurons
36
how may disinhibition of the vlPOA occur
adenosine inhibits basal forebrain neurons that inhibit the vlPOA
37
how is homeostatic control relevant to brain recovery theory of sleep
SWS affected by temperature and mental exercise metabolic breakdown products are cleared during SWS
38
what brain area is related to REM sleep behaviour disorder and why
magnocellular nucleus - controls inhibitory neurotransmitters to the motor neurons
39
two main threats to promote wakefulness
hunger stress
40
what are hypocretinergic neurons (sleep)
inhibited by leptin - which is a hormone signalling full fat reserves stimulated by ghrelin - signals an empty stomach
41
what does leptin result in
easier to fall asleep
42
what does ghrelin result in
more difficult to fall asleep
43
how does the stress response result in less sleep
sensory stimulation activates hypocretinergic and noradrenergic neurons medial prefrontal cortex - has excitatory synapses on theses neurons
44
where is the superchiasmatic nucleus found
hypothalamus
45
how do we know that the SCN is the endogenous clock
lesion studies recording studies transplantation studies - all result in ultradian sleep pattern (no rhythm)
46
genes involved in maintaining SCN molecular mechanisms
Period 1-3 genes 2 cryptochrome genes clock and Bmall genes
47
explain the transcription, translation feedback loop
protein levels are offset mRNA levels by roughly 6 hours peak in protein levels correspond to the biggest drop in mRNA levels
48
when does SCN action potential activity peak
middle of subjective day
49
what is the mechanism of the SCN influencing the flip-flop cycle
SCN excites the ventral subparaventricular zone through synapses and chemical signals vSPZ excites the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (DMH) DMH inhibits vlPOA and excites the LH
50
what are zeitgebers
Time givers entrain internal rhythms with the external rhythms
51
examples of zeitgebers
light food sounds
52
how does the SCN interact with light
short light pulses are enough early in the night - sets clock back late in the night - sets clock forward
53
what is the mechanism of light being able to alter the biological clock
Direct projection from melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells to the SCN Indirect projection from the retina to the SCN
54
what are RHT axons
retinal hypothalamic tract
55
how do RHT axons reset the clock
synapse to the SCN using glutamate on NMDA receptors increases calcium concentration in SCN neurons concentrations of clock genes is upregulated
56
how may melatonin be considered a zeitgeber
during night, sympathetic activity releases NA onto pineal gland melatonin released into bloodstream melatonin receptors on the SCN
57
effects of melatonin on cycle
Acute inhibitory effect on neuronal firing Phase-shifting effect of rhythm
58
what is insomnia
inability to fall asleep can be variations of intensity
59
features of narcolepsy
sleep attacks cataplexy sleep paralysis hypnagogic hallucinations
60
what is REM sleep behaviour disorder
No paralysis during REM sleep acting out dreams caused by genetics or damage to brain stem
61
Sleep disorders during slow wave sleep
bedwetting sleepwalking night terrors sleep-related eating disorder
62
what is jet lag
disparity between internal and external rhythms disappears slowly over time by entrainment to new environment
63
what can be used to treat jet lag
melatonin

Biopsych (8 decks)

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