Sleep And Reward Flashcards
(36 cards)
Study by aschoff
Free running rhythm- Circadian rhythm’s confused due to absence of external cues
Role of suprachiasmatic nucleus
Circadian rhythms in using neurons in response to light. Photosensitive Retinal ganglion cells respond to light and send signals to the cells to the scn via the retinohypothalamic tract
What are slave oscillators
Determine sleeping and eating behaviours
Effect of scn damage in biorhythms
Doesn’t affect eating abs sleeping but occur at wrong times
What is sleep
Reversible state of decreased responsiveness to stimuli
Where are slave oscillators entrained
Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Stages of sleep
Non REM
N1- theta 4-7
N2 theta 11-16 and K complexes with sleep spindles
N3 - delta 1-4
REM - beta 15-30
Function of reticular activating system
Cell Nuclei and fibres that run through the Brainstem - Responsible for wakefulness (stimulates activity in the cerebral cortex)
What areas of the Brainstem and what neurons are part of the RAS
Locus correlus- noradrenaline
Raphe nucleus - serotonin
Pedunculopontine and dorsal tegmental nuclei (Ach)
Tuberomamillary nucleus - histamine
What NTs are monaminergic
Serotonin, dopamine and
What areas influence ras but are not part of it
Basal forebrain - alertness but immobile
Median raphe nucleus- movements
Characteristics of non REM sleep
Decrease in firing rate of Brainstem modulatory neurons (no movement)
EEG sleep spindles generated by thalamic neurons activity
As nerem progresses spindles dissapear
Slow delta waves replace spindles
Characteristics of rem sleep
V1 is active
Frontal lobe cortical areas less active
Limbic system more active
Extrastriate areas more active
What drives rem sleep
Pons nuclei:
Peribrachial area
Medial pontine
How to determine difference between rem on and off cells
On cells- increase firing rate just before rem sleep
Off cells- increase firing before end of rem sleep
How does sleep involve ltp
Synaptic consolidation and strengthening services from co activation of the hippocampus and neocortex
Theory for LTM in neocortex
Spindle density is correlated with post sleep information retereival (consolidation).
Coupling of spindles to upper state of oscillation is important to synaptic plasticity and LTM formation
What is the sequential hypothesis
REM sleep serves as a function in memory formation prior to non rem sleep
Waves in non rem sleep
Slow oscillation
Spindles
Ripples
What makes up the basal ganglia
Caudate nucleus
Putamen
Globes pallidus
Substansia nigra
Sun thalamic nucleus
Function of basal ganglia
Part of extrapyramidal motor system- Motor control and motor learning (some functions in executive function and emotions)
What makes up the striatum and function
Caudate n
N accumbens
Putamen
Movement and reward and conjunction of both
What neurons make up the basal ganglia
Medium spiny gabaergic
Some interneurons and astroglia
What is the function of the direct pathway
Facilaite movement