Sleep and Wakefulness

Question 1

Which stage of sleep has the most intensity of muscle tone?

Answer 1

REM

Question 2

Which organ has an impact in maintaining sleep/wakefulness?

Answer 2

thalamus

Question 3

What is wakefulness?

Answer 3

An aspect of quantitative consciousness

Question 4

Define quantitative consciousness

Answer 4

Full wakefulness, fall easily asleep , need forceful sensory stimuli to be woken up, absence of sopulin/coma

Question 5

Define qualitative consciousness

Answer 5

Incoherent thinking, delir, hallucinations, delusions

Question 6

Define state of vigilance

Answer 6

All states of wakefulness and sleep

Question 7

Define arousal

Answer 7

Transition from sleep to wakefulness

Question 8

What is a common scale that assesses degree of impaired consciousness?

Answer 8

Glasgow coma scale eg less than 8 pts means assisted ventilation

Question 9

What did transection of different brainstem parts in classical wakefulness experiments reveal?

Answer 9

Structures involved in wakefulness-between medula oblangata and mesencephalon in the cerebellum

Question 10

Name 2 subcortical activating systems?

Answer 10

1. brainstem: raphae nuclei, LDT, BV (ACh), LC (NA), VTA(dopamin) maintain wakefulness
2. hypothalamus: VLPO-GABA sleep inducing, LH-Orexin, TMN-histamin

Question 11

Monoaminergic nuclei maintain wakefulness. True/false

Answer 11

True

Question 12

How do monoaminergic nuclei maintain wakefulness?

Answer 12

1. Changes within these nuclei imply changes in sleep stages

2. The nuclei have NTs whose changes vary level of alertness ie wakefulness/sleep

Question 13

Define different frequencise 
alpha
beta
theta
gamma

Answer 13

gamma-0.5-4Hz
theta-4-8 Hz
alpha- 8-12 Hz
beta- 12-30 Hz

Question 14

Artefact induced by eye opening/closing indicates

Answer 14

supression of alpha waves

Question 15

Quantitative measure for recording of sleep disorders

Answer 15

polysomnography- sleep period, breathing, heart beat, movements in sleep

Question 16

Deficiency in orexin leads to which disorder?

Answer 16

Narcolepsy

Question 17

Duration of an epoch

Answer 17

30 seconds

Question 18

Disappearance of alpha EEG means

Answer 18

transition from wakefulness to superficial sleep

Question 19

What does hypnagogic theta signify?

Answer 19

Person is going to sleep (4 to 8 Hz)

Question 20

What is a sleep related breathing disorder?

Answer 20

Cheyne-stokes breathing/ apnea/hypopnea

Question 21

What is a characteristic of a pathological hypnogram?

Answer 21

Longer duration of slow wave sleep, 18 awakenings

Question 22

Example of REM exclusive sleep body disorder

Answer 22

Narcolepsy

Question 23

Define REM sleep muscle atonia

Answer 23

patients lose muscle tone, collapse,though brain is awake dissociation of 2 states of vigilance

Question 24

What is a defining symptom in narcolepsy

Answer 24

cataplectic attack strong emotion/laughter causes a person to suffer sudden physical collapse though remaining conscious.

Question 25

Define pure nacolepsy

Answer 25

individuals who fall asleep from one moment to the next, unspecific, excessive daytime sleepiness cataplexy

Question 26

Name some REM wake dissociations

Answer 26

Sleep paralysis-motor system lags behind in process of awakening Hypnagogic hallucination -parts of the brain are still dreaming but brain is awake

Question 27

REM preceeds NREM sleep in narcolepsy. True/false

Answer 27

True

Question 28

Sleep test exmaple

Answer 28

Multiple sleep latency test- put people to sleep several times in a day

Question 29

Duration of one sleep cycle

Answer 29

90 to 120 minutes

Question 30

NT produced in the lateral hypothalamus

Answer 30

orexin. Shows different affinity to receptors hypocretin 1 and 2

Question 31

Which NT plays a role in the nuclei that synchronize subcortical activating systems

Answer 31

Orexin