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nat5 psychology > Sleep & Dreams > Flashcards

Sleep & Dreams Flashcards

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1
Q

How much does the average adult human sleep?

A

7-8hrs.

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2
Q

What are circadian rhythms?

A

The cycle of biological and physiological processes that occur over a roughly 24-hour timetable. Circadian rhythms are multiple processes- rather than just one.

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3
Q

How many sleep stages are there?

A

5 - 4 nREM stages + 1 REM stage

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4
Q

Describe REM sleep

A
  • This is the stage in which dreaming occurs.
  • It is characterised by the rapid eye movement which happens during this stage.
  • We usually have 3-5 REM episodes each night.
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5
Q

What was the three aims of the Dement and Kleitman study?

A

Study 1. To find out if dreaming occurs during REM sleep.

Study 2. To find out if the length of time spent in REM sleep correlates to the length of the dream.

Study 3. To find out if the movement of the eyes during REM sleep links to the content of the dream.

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6
Q

What were the hypothesise of the Dement and Kleitman study?

A

Study 1. More dreaming will occur during REM sleep in comparison to nREM sleep.

Study 2. Participants will report that they had longer dreams when in REM sleep for 15 minutes than they do after 5 minutes of REM sleep.

Study 3. The pattern of REM during sleep will link to the content of the dream.

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7
Q

Describe the overall method used in the Dement and Kleitman study.

A
  • 7 male & 7 female participants studied in a lab. 5 were intensively studied and 4 were used to confirm results.
  • The participants would each go about their ordinary days, then come back to the lab where they would sleep.
  • Sensors were attached near the eyes of each participant to detect eye movement and brain waves.
  • They would be woken up at various points during the night and would record if they had dreamed and if so, the content of the dream into a recording device.
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8
Q

Describe study 1 of the Dement and Kleitman study.

A

Subjects were randomly woken up during nREM sleep and REM sleep and were asked if they had dreamed or not.

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9
Q

Describe study 2 of the Dement and Kleitman study

A

Subjects were awoken either 5 or 15 mins after REM sleep began and asked if they thought their dream was closer to being 5 or 15mins long. They would be asked what happened in their dream and the amount of words they used to describe it was counted - the more words used, the longer the dream.

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10
Q

What were the results of study 1 in the Dement and Kleitman study

A
  • Significantly more dreams were reported by participants awoken during REM sleep in comparison to those woken during nREM sleep.
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11
Q

What were the results of study 2 in the Dement and Kleitman study

A
  • Subjects were able to accurately match the time they had been asleep to the length of their dream.
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12
Q

What were the results of study 1 in the Dement and Kleitman study

A
  • Strong association between the patterns of REM and the content of the dreams was found.
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13
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of the Dement and Kleitman study.

A
  • The results of study 3 have been unable to be replicated by other psychologists since, meaning the results were most likely inaccurate.
  • Lab experiment - participants knew they were being studied, causing low economical validity as it was not the same as a regular night’s sleep.
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14
Q

Give 2 strengths of the Dement and Kleitman study.

A
  • This study proved that dreams can be studied objectively, opening the door to future studies of dreams which are objective.
  • The technique of waking participants and getting them to do tasks during different stages of sleep is a technique that is still being used to this day.
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15
Q

What does Oswald’s Restoration Theory claim about nREM sleep?

A

it restores biological processes which have deteriorated during the day.

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16
Q

What does Oswald’s Restoration Theory claim about REM sleep?

A

It replenishes brain processes through protein synthesis.

17
Q

Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Oswald’s Restoration Theory in terms of nREM sleep.

A
  • Many animal studies show that biological function decreases if an animal is deprived of sleep.
  • In the Zager et al 2007 study, rats were deprived of sleep for 24hrs and were then compared with a control group and it was found that the sleep deprived rats’ white blood cell count had decreased by 20%.
18
Q

Give 2 pieces of evidence that support Oswald’s Restoration Theory in terms of REM sleep.

A
  • In the first 5 years of life, humans partake in REM sleep for longer than at any other stage of life, this makes sense as more cell growth occurs, resulting in more protein synthesis, which Oswald believed occurred during REM sleep.
  • it had been found that people recovering from brain injuries tend to spend more time in REM sleep as it is necessary for proper brain functioning.
19
Q

What did Freud believe were the three hidden levels of the mind?

A

Conscious, preconscious and unconscious.

20
Q

Name Freud’s structure of the personality and what each is.

A

Id - Governed by the pleasure principle.
Ego - Governed by the reality principle.
Superego - Governed by the morality principle.

21
Q

What happens when the three elements of the structure of Freud’s personality fall out of balance?

A

If the Id and Superego experience conflict and go out of balance, it caused the ego to experience anxiety.

22
Q

What are defence mechanisms and give examples.

A

Defence mechanisms are used when the id and superego go out of balance in order to get them back into balance - overuse can lead to emotional issues.

Examples;
- Repression - Placing stressful thoughts into the unconscious mind where you are unaware of it.
- Denial - Simply denying that you have a stressful thought or claiming to be unbothered by it.
- Displacement - Redirecting emotions onto a different target - ‘kicking the cat syndrome’
- Rationalisation - Inventing seemingly rational, yet false reasons for your behaviour.

23
Q

What is the aim of psychoanalysis?

A

To uncover hidden traumas/impulses and bring them back into the conscious mind.

24
Q

What is the role of the analyst in psychoanalysis?

A
  • To listen to what the patient says in order to uncover the hidden meaning.
  • To watch out for defence mechanisms.
  • To analyse other clues such as dreams.
25
Q

What is dream analysis in terms of a technique of psychoanalysis?

A

Defences are lowered during sleep, unconscious thoughts may appear in dreams due to this.

26
Q

What is the manifest content in dream analysis?

A

What the patient reports

27
Q

What is the latent content in dream analysis?

A

The hidden meaning of the dream.

28
Q

What did Freud believe dreams represent?

A

Forbidden wishes - things that are unachievable yet you desperately want to be fulfilled.

The conscious mind is unable to cope with these desires, and so it represses them into the unconscious mind and it is then only able to be shown when it is disguised in a dream.

29
Q

What is dreamwork?

A

The process by which the real content of the dream is changed to keep the unacceptable elements hidden.

30
Q

What was the aim of the Little Hans study?

A

Freud was looking for evidence to support his child development theory. The aim of this study was to help Little Hans overcome his phobias while gathering evidence to support his theories.

31
Q

What stage in development was Little Hans in?

A

Phallic

32
Q

What issues was Little Hans facing?

A
  • A phobia of horses.
  • An intense interest him penises.
  • Very attached to his mother, but insecure of it.
  • Varying relationship with his father.
  • Jealous of his little sister.
33
Q

What was the method of the Little Hans study?

A

Hans’ dad would give Freud information about Hans in letters.

He also met and discussed Hans with Freud many times.

Freud and Hans met once.

Once he had gathered all of this information, Freud provided Hans’ father with an analysis of what he believed to be happening.

34
Q

What was the dream in the Little Hans study? What was the analysis of it?

A
  • The dream: Hans dreamed that there were 2 giraffes in his dream one night, a tall one and a crumpled one. Hans took the crumpled one away from the tall one, which cried out.
  • Crumpled giraffe represents his mother, showing Hans’ forbidden wish of wanting to take his mother away from his father. The tall giraffe represents his father and it crying out when the crumpled giraffe is removed expresses Hans’ father’s anger at Hans because he took his mother away.
35
Q

Why did Freud believe Hans had a fear of horses?

A

He believed that the horse represented his father, big with a strong build, he couldn’t admit to being scared of his dad, so he displaced this fear onto horses.

36
Q

Give 2 strengths of the Little Hans study.

A
  • Case study does provide rich, detailed information.
  • Theorists have been able to come up with their own explanations for Hans’ behaviour.
37
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of the Little Hans study.

A
  • The sample size is one, these results cannot be generalised to the wider population.
  • The use of his parents as the mediators is a weakness - “The analysis of a child by his own father, who is steeped in my theoretical views and tainted with my prejudices, is altogether lacking in objective value” - Sigmund Freud
38
Q

Give one strength of a psychoanalytic approach in terms of dreams.

A

Freud proved that dreams occur in the brain.

39
Q

Give 2 weaknesses of a psychoanalytic approach in terms of dreams.

A
  • Freud’s theories are not scientific, thus cannot be tested.
  • The interpretation of dreams is subjective and is so flexible that multiple interpretations are possible.

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