Sleep + Emotion Flashcards
What is affected by deprived REM sleep?
Memory consolidation (more so than physical performance)
What is important about non-REM sleep?
Conservation of energy and restoration for the mind (exercise was effective after sleep deprivation but marked cognitive impairment is seen by sleep deprivation)
REM rebound
REM will be made up by an increased percentage of the sleep-wake cycle being devoted to REM
What are cortical columns?
Fxnal units comprised of groups of neurons that work together to process information. They are called columns because the neurons form layered vertical columns.
Cortical column properties (5)
Functional units of information processing in all cortical areas
Single cortical column contains ~100 neurons
Six distinct layers in each cortical column
Similar receptive fields within a column
Columns can be linked together
Where do Layers 1-3 send projections?
Reciprocal connections within layers 1-3
Non-reciprocal connections to layers 4-6
Which layers are closest to the cortical surface?
Layers 1-3 (supra granular layers)
Which neurotransmitter system is the only one working during REM sleep?
Acetylcholine
Which neurotransmitters are working during non-REM sleep?
Serotonin and norepinephrine
Which neurotransmitters are working while you are awake?
Norepinephrine, histamine, serotonin, acetylcholine and dopamine (all!)
What is the concept of REM rebound following a state of sleep deprivation?
Total number of hours slept will not be made up but REM will be made up by an increased percentage of the sleep-wake cycle being devote to REM
What does REM sleep appear to be important for?
Memory consolidation
What is non-REM sleep important for?
Conserving energy and restoring the mind
The Sleep Induction hypothesis
- Wakefulness and repeated release of NTs can cause a depletion in glial cell glycogen stores (energy)
- Glial cells release adenosine
- Receptors in parts of the brain bind adenosine which promotes the start of non-REM sleep
- periods of non-REM sleep replenish glycogen stores
What is an important waste that needs to be cleared? (HINT: builds up in Alzheimer’s disease)
Amyloid beta
How does the brain perform waste removal?
CSF drains waste and takes it to our bloodstream
Which neurons are activated in negative emotion?
Neurons of the Raphe nuclei, locus coeruleus and the periaqueductal gray
Where does negative emotion project excitatory projections to?
Amygdala
Activation of the amygdala suppresses activity where?
Nucleus accumbens
Which neurons are released in positive emotion?
Neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA)
Where does positive emotion send excitatory projections?
Nucleus accumbens
Activation of the nucleus accumbens inhibits what?
Amygdala
Positive emotion sends projections to which regions of the cortex and why?
Medial prefrontal cortex for working memory related to positive emotion
Ant and post areas of cingulate gyrus to focus attention
Insula for modulation of all emotions
What is the awake stage?
When an individual is conscious and all 5 networks are active
