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Sleeping Flashcards

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1
Q

What is sleep?

A

A biological process

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2
Q

How many different types of sleep are there? And what are they?

A
  • 2
  • Rapid eye movement (REM)
  • Non-rapid eye movement (NREM)
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3
Q

Describe a typical sleep cycle.

A
  • NREM Stage 1: Eyes closed but easy to wake up
  • NREM Stage 2: Light sleep, the heart rate slows, and the body temperature drops
  • NREM Stage 3: Deep sleep stage, much harder to rouse
  • REM: Usually 90m after falling asleep. The brain wave frequencies jump to high active, heart rate and breathing quickens when intense dreams occur
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4
Q

REM sleep accounts for what % of sleep?

A

20-25%

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5
Q

How long does a typical stage of REM sleep last?

A

10 minutes

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6
Q

How many phases do we go through of NREM sleep in a typical night?

A

3

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7
Q

How long does each phase of NREM sleep last?

A

5-15 minutes

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8
Q

How long does it take for REM sleep to occur once you’ve fallen asleep?

A

90 minutes

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9
Q

What happens in REM sleep?

A

The brain wave frequencies jump to highly active and the heart rate and breathing quickens when an intense dream occurs

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10
Q

What happens in NREM Stage 1 sleep?

A

Eyes are closed but it is easy to wake up from

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11
Q

What happens in NREM Stage 2 sleep?

A

This is light sleep, the heart rate will slow and the body temperature will drop

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12
Q

What happens in NREM Stage 3 sleep?

A

This is when deep sleep happens and it is hard to rouse from

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13
Q

What are the 3 main theories of sleep?

A
  • Restoration
  • Energy conservation
  • Brain function
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14
Q

Explain the Restoration theory of sleep.

A
  • Revitalisation/restoration of physiological and mental processes
  • Support for this theory: When asleep the body increases its rate of cell division and protein synthesis
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15
Q

Explain the Energy Conservation theory of sleep.

A
  • This is bases on the evolutionary theory

- We sleep to save calories/avoid predators

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16
Q

Explain the Brain Function theory of sleep.

A
  • Uses to process and consolidate memories, strengthening the neural connections
  • Support for this theory: If we don’t get enough sleep, the deprivation can affect both learning and recall
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17
Q

How much of our life is spent asleep?

A

36%

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18
Q

What is a Dyssomnia disorder?

A

The trouble of initiating or maintaining sleep or of an excessive amount of sleepiness

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19
Q

How are Dyssomnia disorders characterised?

A

By the disturbance in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep

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20
Q

What is Primary Insomnia?

A

The difficulty in initiating or maintaining sleep

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21
Q

What is Hypersomnia?

A

Excessive sleepiness

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22
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

Irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep

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23
Q

What is Parasomnia?

A

Abnormal behaviour/psychological events during sleep, e.g. nightmare disorder

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24
Q

Who is sleep disruption frequently reported by?

A

Mental health patients, with psychiatric disorders

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25
Are mental illness and sleep related?
They are not just associated but are physically linked within the brain
26
What have recent studies shown in regards to mental health being associated with sleep?
Recent studies have shown the there may be a mechanistic origin between mental health and sleep as genes associated with generating normal sleep are somewhat 'faulty' in individuals with schizophrenia
27
How has artificial light impacted upon our sleep?
It may have encouraged a later sleep onset time, and also a tendency to sleep in one concentrated burst, instead of in a more segmented pattern like undeveloped societies
28
How does our sleep differ from a century ago?
We sleep around an hour less each night
29
How does our sleep differ from before industrialisation and electricity?
It is thought that we sleep several hours less
30
Explain some cultural differences in regards to napping.
42% in Brazil | 12% in Japan
31
Explain some cultural differences in regards to sleep disturbances.
32% Belgium | 10% Austria
32
Explain some cultural differences in regards to sleep medication.
53% South African | 10% Austria
33
How much does the average French person sleep a night?
Almost 9 hours
34
How much does the average Japanese or Korean sleep a night?
Less than 8 hours
35
How much later are Asian children's betimes on average than Caucasian children's?
2 hours
36
How much do Japanese children sleep less than New Zealand children?
1.7 hours
37
Describe the cross cultural differences in likelihood of sharing a bed
Vietnamese 82% | New Zealand 6%
38
How much did 3 month old American infants sleep per day on average?
13 hours
39
How much did 3 month old Dutch infants sleep per day on average?
15 hours
40
Who went to bed earlier, Dutch or American infants?
Dutch children went to bed significantly earlier up to the age of 8
41
What are American/Northern European parents like with bedtime routines?
- Well established routines - Strict and adhered to - Parents worried about children getting enough sleep
42
What are Southern European parents like with bedtime routines?
- Allow children to participate in late night family events - Children generally fall asleep on someones lap or in a care - Parents less worried about children getting enough sleep
43
What is co-sleeping?
The situation where a caregiver and an infant sleep alongside one another with a sensory link connecting them
44
What advice does the USA give about co-sleeping?
Mental health professionals advise that infants should fall asleep alone at bedtime and remain alone throughout the night
45
What does the USA think about bed-sharing?
It is unsafe and hazardous
46
What advice does the USA give about room-sharing?
Could lead to a reduction in SIDS (Sudden infant death syndrome)
47
What advice does the UK give about co-sleeping?
- Baby should be put in a cot in the parent room
48
What medical advice is there on night-time separation from infants?
Night-time separation is seen as essentials for a healthy psychological development. Parents should avoid co-sleeping
49
What are some concerns of co-sleeping?
- Smothering - Increased likelihood of catching a contagious illness - Breaking the habit becomes harder - Over sexual stimulation
50
Discuss co-sleeping of the middle class of the USA.
- 11% of 18-36m shared a bed 3 or more night a week | - 15% shared a room
51
What % of 18-36 month old babies shared a bed 3 or more nights a week?
11%
52
Out of 19 infants taken from a week educated US family how many slept in a separate room by 3 months old
18/19
53
What evidence is there that co-sleeping might be a good thing?
- Early and sustained contact enhances breast feeding, attachment and general infant health - Child has a biological need for contact, separation at night goes against this
54
When testing 100 sociétés around the world how many had separate rooms for their babies
Just the US parents
55
In 12 communities test, how many of the infants slept with the parent until weaning
11
56
Out of 136 societies tested how many infants slept in the same bed as their parents?
2/3
57
What are Mayan parents views on separating the infant and mother at night?
Abusive/neglectful treatment
58
Where is considered 'unthinkable' to let a baby cry itself to sleep
East Africa
59
What are Japanese child like in regards to sleeping behaviours with their mothers?
They usually sleep next to their mothers in early childhood, and continue to sleep with another parent or family member until the age of 15
60
What are the main differences in Sami and Norwegian child-rearing practices?
- Sami children were often co-slept with, Norwegian children were not - Sami children were deemed to be more socially independent and less demanding of parental attending during play time than the Norwegians
61
What does solidarity when sleeping increase the need for?
'Objects' to sleep with
62
How do Gibbons sleep with their mothers?
They huddle
63
Explain Great Apes sleeping patterns/arrangements.
Offspring stay with their mother until around 5 years old
64
What are the negatives to not co-sleeping with your child?
- Less bonding between you both - Breastfeeding may be impacted negatively - Long periods of quiet sleep alone could mean a higher change of SIDS
65
Explain the 1970s - 1980s views on infant sleeping position.
Infants should go on their stomachs, as this was believed to reduce sleep related movement, and promote a deeper and less interrupted sleep
66
Explain the 1990s view on infant sleeping position.
Sleeping on stomach was associated with SIDS, lateral sleeping recommended
67
Explain the current view on infant sleeping position.
Lateral sleeping is discouraged, sleeping on the back is recommend in all Western countries

Psychology (8 decks)

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