Slide 1

Question 1

From what does connective tissue originate

Answer 1

Embryonic Mesenchyme

Question 2

Name the 3 structural elements

Answer 2

Ground substance
Fibres
Cells

Question 3

Name the 3 types of fibres

Answer 3

Collagen Fibres (strongest & most abundant)
Elastic Fibre
Reticular Fibre

Question 4

Name the two types of cells

Answer 4

Immature (blast) actively mitotic, secrete ground substances and fibres
Mature (clasts) less active, maintain matrix health but can revert to active state if damaged

Question 5

Name the 3 types of Cartilage

Answer 5

Hayline Cartilage
Fibrous Cartilage
Elastic cartilage

Question 6

Name the two types of bone and give a little information of them

Answer 6

Compact bone - denser outer layer
Spongy bone - honeycomb of trabecular filled with yellow bone marrow

Question 7

Function of bones

Answer 7

Support
Protection
Movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell formation
Triglyceride storage
Hormone production

Question 8

Axial skeleton includes what?

Answer 8

Bones of skull, vertebrae column and rib cage

Question 9

Appendicular skeleton includes what

Answer 9

Bones of upper limb, lower limb, shoulder and hip

Question 10

Name the bones according to bone classification of shape and give an example

Answer 10

Long bone (humerus)
Short bone (carpals)
Flat bone (ribs)
Irregular bone (vertebrae)
Sesamoid bone (patella)

Question 11

What does a long-bone consist of

Answer 11

Diaphysis and 2 epiphysis

Question 12

Name the 4 bone cells and their function

Answer 12

Osteogenic cell - stem cell
Osteoblast - responsible for bone growth
Osteocytes - monitor and maintains the mineralised bone matrix
Osteoclasts - bone-reabsorbing cell

Question 13

Name the two types of ossification

Answer 13

Intramembranous ossification
Endochondrial ossification

Question 14

Appositional growth

Answer 14

Increasing in width

Question 15

Interstitial Growth

Answer 15

Grows in lenght

Question 16

Name the 6 fracture types and say what the are

Answer 16

Comminuted - bone fragments into 3 or more pieces
Compression - bone is crushed, osteoporotic bone
Spiral - ragged break> excessive twisting
Epiphyseal - tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying
Depressed - broken bone portion pressed inwards
Greenstick - breaks incompletely, 1 side of shaft breaks

Question 17

Functions of muscles

Answer 17

Produce movement
Maintains body position and posture
Generates hear
Stabilises joints

Question 18

Muscle tissue characteristics

Answer 18

Exciteability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity

Question 19

Name the 3 types of muscle tissue types

Answer 19

Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle

Question 20

Hayline Cartilage

Answer 20

Large number of collagen fibres
Chrondrocytes account for 1-10%
Found at ends of long bones as articular cartilage, coastal cartilage, nose, airways + embryonic skeleton

Question 22

Elastic Cartilage

Answer 22

Almost identical to hayline cartilage
Contains more elastic fibres
Found where strength and exceptional stretching and bending is needed (ear and epiglottis)

Question 23

Fibro cartilage

Answer 23

Matrix similar to but less firm than hayline cartilage
No perichondrium
Thick collagen fibres main component
Optimised for tensile strength & to absorb compressive shock
Found in intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis discs of knee joint

Question 25

What does cartilage lack

Answer 25

Nerve fibres

Question 26

Is cartilage vascular or avascular and how do they get nutrients

Answer 26

Avascular Diffusion

Question 27

What is cartilage surrounded by (membrane)

Answer 27

Perichondrium

Question 28

What are cartilage produces and maintained by

Answer 28

Produces - condroblasts Maintained - condrocytes

Question 29

What are cartilage known for

Answer 29

Very limited repair it commonly scars

Question 31

What are connective tissue mostly made of

Answer 31

ECM

Question 32

What does cartilage resist

Answer 32

Both tension and compression

Question 33

What qualities does cartilage have

Answer 33

Intermediate between dense connective tissue & bone

Question 34

True or false Cartilage is tough but flexible

Answer 34

True

Question 36

What does hormones produce in bone

Answer 36

Osteocalcin

Question 38

Please name the bones of the axial skeleton

Answer 38

Cranium Facial bones Hyoid Vertebra column: cervicle, thorasic, lumbar, sacrum, coccyx Sternum Ribs

Question 39

Please name the bones of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 39

Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Os coxae Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsal Phalanges

Question 40

Where can you find hematopoietic tissue in infants

Answer 40

Medullary cavity of diaphysis and in all areas of spongy bone

Question 42

Where can you find hematopoietic tissue in adults

Answer 42

In diploe of flat bones, head of femur & humerus, and in some irregular bones

Question 43

Chemical composition of bone: inorganic

Answer 43

Hydroxyapitite/bioapitite 65% of bone by mass Mainly calcium phosphates CA5 (PO4) 3 (OH) Responsible for bone hardness and resistance to compression

Question 44

What is a osteoid

Answer 44

Unminerilized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins

Question 46

What are projections

Answer 46

Generally tend to be sites of muscle and ligament attachment

Question 47

What are the projections that help form joints

Answer 47

Head Facet Condyle Ramus

Question 48

With what are the periosteum secured to underlying bone

Answer 48

Perforating fibres

Question 49

What rich supply does the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum have

Answer 49

Nerve fibres, blood, lymphatic vessels which enter via nutrient formina

Question 50

What does the endosteum do

Answer 50

Delicate membrane that covers the internal surface of bone

Question 52

What does organic chemical composition of bone consist of of

Answer 52

Osteoid Collagen Cells

Question 54

Name the 4 zones or postnatal bone growth

Answer 54

Proliferation Zone: cartilage cells undergo mitsosis Hypertrophic Zone: Older cartilage cells inlarge Calcification Zone: matric calcifies, catrligate cells die, matrix begin deteriorating , blood vessels invade the cavaties Ossification Zone: new bone formation