Slide Exam 1 Flashcards

(216 cards)

1
Q

what structure is this?

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

what structure is this?

A

cell membrane

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3
Q

cell membrane

A

electron-lucent layer b/w 2 electron-dense layers

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4
Q

what structure is this?

A

nuclear pores

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5
Q

nuclear pore

A

inner & outer membrane separated by perinuclear cisterna; channels surrounded by ring of nucleoporin proteins

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6
Q

what structure is this?

A

lampbrush chromosomes

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7
Q

lampbrush chromosomes

A

unraveled portions of chromosomes as active euchromatin

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8
Q

what structure is this?

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

ribosomes

A

found free in cytoplasm, attached to rER and attached to outer nuclear membrane; often group together as polyribosomes; two subunits w/ rRNA

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10
Q

what structure is this?

A

mitochondria

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11
Q

mitochondria

A

inner & outer membrane; cristae filled w/ matrix; dense granules; oblaong to oval in shape; present in all cells except RBCs & keratinocytes

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12
Q

what structure is this?

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

series of membranous sheets & tubules throughout cytoplasm; smooth or rough; coated vesicles bud off of ER

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14
Q

what structure is this?

A

golgi apparatus

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15
Q

golgi apparatus

A

complex of flattened, stacked membrane-bound cisternae; convex face=cis Golgi network=forming face (vesicles arrive); concave face=trans Golgi network=maturing face (vesicles leave)

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16
Q

what structure is this?

A

melanin intracytoplasmic pigment

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17
Q

melanin intracytoplasmic pigment

A

black, brown & granular; produced by melanocytes & transported to other cells

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18
Q

what structure is this?

A

lipofuscin intracytoplasmic pigment

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19
Q

lipofuscin intracytoplasmic pigment

A

gold, brown & granular; frequently seen in neurons; “old age” pigment

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20
Q

what phase is this?

A

prophase

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21
Q

prophase

A

visible, condensed chromosomes; nuclear membrane & nucleoli disappear; cytoskeleton microfilaments & microtubules disaggregate; centrioles migrate to poles of cell to form spindle apparatus

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22
Q

what phase is this?

A

metaphase

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23
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes lined up on equator at metaphase plate

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24
Q

what phase is this?

A

anaphase

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25
anaphase
chromosomes split apart & migrate to opposite ends of cell; pulled by microtubules connecting the centriole & kinetochore, making the chromosomes form a V-shape
26
what phase is this?
telophase
27
telophase
nuclear membrane & nucleoli reappear; cleavage furrow in plasma membrane; mitotic spindle disaggregates; cytokinesis begins after formation of cleavage furrow until division is complete
28
what process is this?
apoptosis
29
apoptosis
nuclear chromatin condenses and degenerates; shrinkage of nucleus through pyknosis; nuclear membrane disintegrates; nuclear material begins to fragment forming apoptotic bodies (dark spots); cytoplasm becomes eosinophilic due to proteases
30
what cell is this?
erythrocytes
31
erythrocytes
biconcave discs; no nucleus or organelles; Howell-Jolly bodies sometimes present in cytoplasm that look like basophilic spots
32
what cell is this?
neutrophils
33
neutrophils
multi-lobed nucleus (3-5 lobes); about 2x larger than RBCs; won't always see constrictions of nucleus lobes based on how the slide is cut; azurophilic & specific granules
34
what structure is this?
Barr body
35
Barr body
dark staining spot/extension of nucleus
36
what cell is this?
basophils
37
basophils
- Bilobed nucleus - Large, basophilic specific granules - About 2x larger than RBCs - Circulating equivalent of mast cells in tissue
38
what cell is this?
mast cells
39
mast cells
- Tissue equivalent of basophils in circulation - Comma shape - Extensive cytolasm packed with large, basophilic granules; granules are smaller but more numerous than basophils - Nucleus has less condensed chromatin than basophils
40
what cell is this?
eosinophils
41
eosinophils
- Very visible bilobed nucleus - Large, eosinophilic specific granules - Raspberry appearance
42
what cell is this?
monocytes
43
monocytes
- Large, kidney bean shaped nucleus (won’t always see nucleus shape due to how the cell lies on the slide) - Gray-blue/lavender cytoplasm - Become macrophages upon entering tissue
44
what cell is this?
lymphocytes
45
lymphocytes
-round, densely staining nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
46
what cells are these?
platelets (thrombocytes)
47
platelets (thrombocytes)
-no nucleus -contain few organelles -smaller than RBCs
48
name these cells
fibroblasts
49
fibroblasts
pointed, elongated, spindle-shaped cells -basophilic nuclei throughout fibers
50
what type of collagen?
type I collagen
51
type I collagen
-high variation in size & packing of fibers depending on function/location -cross-banding -stains red
52
what type of collagen?
type II collagen (hyaline cartilage)
53
type II collagen
-found in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage -no-cross banding -can't be seen by light microscopy
54
what type of collagen?
type III collagen (reticulin fibers)
55
type III collagen (reticulin fibers)
-thin, branching, net-like fibers -stains black with silver stain -stains poorly in H&E
56
what type of collagen?
type IV collagen
57
type IV collagen
-found in basement membrane -doesn't form fibers, instead forms mesh-work
58
what structure is this?
elastic fibers
59
elastic fibers
-stain black in special stains -eosinophilic in H&E stain, but can't normally be seen -thick & slightly retractile -wave-like conformation -form irregular, branching network and stain purple in spread preparations
60
what is this tissue?
loose (areolar) tissue
61
loose (areolar) tissue
-sparse fibers & abundant ground substance -viscous, gel-like consistency
62
what is this tissue?
regular dense tissue
63
regular dense tissue
-parallel collagen fibers -cells arranged in fasicles -densely packed fibers
64
what tissue is this?
irregular dense tissue
65
irregular dense tissue
-randomly oriented collagen fibers -moderate number of fibers & few cells
66
what type of tissue?
white adipose tissue
67
white adipose tissue
-unilocular -flattened peripheral nucleus gives ring appearance -typically found in groups -balloon-shaped clear spaces because lipid is extracted during staining -oil red O stain allows lipid to be seen
68
what tissue is this?
brown adipose tissue
69
brown adipose tissue
-multilocular -stain pink due to many mitochondria -arranged in lobules separated by fibrous septa
70
what structure is this?
basement membrane
71
basement membrane
-on EM: electron-dense layer (lamina densa) b/w two electron-lucent layers (lamina lucida & lamina reticularis) -non-cellular
72
what structure is this?
desmosomes
73
desmosomes
small, circular dark patches
74
what structure is this?
hemidesmosomes
75
hemidesmosomes
on basal surface only to anchor cell to basement membrane
76
what structure is this?
tight junction (zonula occludens)
77
what structure is this?
anchoring junction (zonula adherens)
78
what structure is this?
cilia
79
what structure is this?
microvilli
80
microvilli
-striated border in intestine or brush border in renal tubules -supported by terminal web network of actin at base
81
cilia
9+2 arrangement of microtubules in cross-section
82
what type of epithelium?
transitional epithelium
83
transitional epithelium
-lines most of urinary tract -distinct feature: surface edge is not flat
84
what cells are these?
goblet cells
85
goblet cells
-located in epithelium -unicellular
86
what muscle is this?
skeletal muscle
87
skeletal muscle
-multinucleate & form syncitia -nuclei migrate to periphery and are cigar-shaped
88
what structure is this?
epimysium
89
epimysium
surround several fascicles
90
what structure is this?
perimysium
91
perimysium
surrounds several fibers (fascicles)
92
what structure is this?
endomysium
93
endomysium
surrounds individual muscle fibers
94
what structure is this?
Z-disc
95
Z-discs
dark lines that anchor the actin myofibrils
96
what structure is this?
sarcomere
97
which filaments are these?
myosin filaments
98
which filaments are these?
actin filaments
99
what cells are these?
satellite cells
100
satellite cells
-small myogenic cells adjacent to sarcolemma of muscle fiber -look like nucleus on the side of a muscle fiber
101
what structure is this?
neuromuscular junction
102
neuromuscular junction
-dilated terminal portion of axon surrounded by myelin that rests on sarcolemma of muscle fiber (=motor end plate) -synaptic cleft is space between neuron and muscle and has junctional folds -near pre-synaptic membrane are vesicles containing acetylcholine
103
what muscle type is this?
smooth muscle
104
smooth muscle
-single, central cigar-shaped nucleus -fiber size is much smaller than skeletal fibers -elongated, spindle/spiral-shaped with tapered ends that may be bifurcated -not striated
105
what muscle type is this?
cardiac muscle (myocardium)
106
cardiac muscle (myocardium)
-single, central nucleus (sometimes two) -striated fibers -intracellular diad of one T-tubule & one cisterna located at the Z-disc -cells are different sizes due to branching -contain a lot of fibroblasts
107
what structure is this?
intercalated discs
108
intercalated discs
between adjacent cardiac cells
109
what structure is this?
epicardium & endocardium
110
epicardium & endocardium
-simple, squamous mesothelium -supported by underlying fibroblastic CT & adipose tissue -Purkinje fibers, blood vessels & neurons located under layer -epicardium & endocardium look exactly the same, would need to know the location of the tissue
111
what cell is this?
neuron
112
neuron
-soma and axon -melanin and lipofuscin pigments typically in soma -Nissl substance look like dark spots in perikaryon -Nucleolus very apparent inside nucleus
113
what structure is this?
Nissl substance
114
what are these structures?
ganglia
115
ganglia
-aggregations of neuron cell bodies, look like "fried eggs" -each cell body surrounded by satellite cells -white space=shrinkage artifact due to alcohol during preparation -typically can't see dendrites or axons
116
what type of tissue is this?
peripheral nervous tisssue
117
peripheral nervous tissue
-axons surrounded by Schwann cells, basophilic spots along axons are Schwann cell nuclei -blood vessels follow epineurium and perineurium -wavy to allow for stretching during body movement
118
what structure is this?
epineurium
119
epineurium
surrounds multiple fascicles
120
what structure is this?
perineurium
121
perineurium
surrounds multiple axons (fascicles)
122
what structure is this?
endoneurium
123
endoneurium
surrounds axon & Schwann cells
124
what structure is this?
non-myelinated neuron
125
non-myelinated neuron
-darkest stain is Schwann cell nucleus -lighter circles are individual axons surrounded by cytoplasm of Schwann cell
126
what structure is this?
myelinated neuron
127
myelinated neuron
-surrounded by many concentric layers of Schwann cell plasma membrane forming myelin sheath -larger diameter axon than non-myelinated sheaths
128
what kind of stain is this?
hematoxylin & eosin
129
hematoxylin & eosin stain
-for routine diagnosis -preferred for viewing cellular & tissue structure -hematoxylin: blue, basic dye; stains acids -eosin: pink/red, acidic dye; stains basic
130
what kind of stain is this?
gram-negative
131
what kind of stain is this?
gram-positive
132
what kind of stain is this?
Giesma stain
133
Giesma stain
-commonly used in hematology -superior ability to stain bone marrow, plasma cells, and mast cells
134
what kind of stain is this?
Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction (PAS)
135
Periodic Acid Schiff Reaction
way to examine structures containing high amount of carbohydrate molecules
136
what kind of stain is this?
silver stain
137
silver stain
good for neural tissue
138
what kind of stain is this?
Nissl stain
139
Nissl stain
good for neural tissue
140
what structure is this?
nuclear envelope; has inner & outer membrane
141
nuclear envelope
surrounds the nucleus & moderates what comes in/out of nucleus
142
what structure is this?
perinuclear cistern
143
what type of chromatin is this?
euchromatin
144
euchromatin
dispersed DNA active in translation; lightly-staiing
145
what type of chromatin is this?
heterochromatin
146
heterochromatin
electron-dense, darkly-staining, inactive DNA
147
what cell is this?
gamete (ovum)
148
what cell is this?
non-functional polar body
149
what type of bone marrow is this?
red bone marrow
150
red bone marrow
contains large number of mature RBCs
151
what type of bone marrow is this?
yellow bone marrow
152
yellow bone marrow
fatty marrow; inactive; contains large number of adipocytes
153
what cell is this?
proerythroblast (early normoblast)
154
proerythroblast (early normoblast)
first recognizable erythrocyte precursor; large cell with relatively sparse cytoplasm; cytoplasm is strongly basophilic due to high content of RNA and ribosomes
155
what cell is this?
polychromatic erythroblast (intermediate normoblast)
156
polychromatic erythroblast (intermediate normoblast)
-mixture of basophilia and eosinophilia (polychromasia) -nuclear chromatin increasingly condensed -cell no longer capable of division
157
what cell is this?
orthochromatic erythroblast (late normoblast)
158
orthochromatic erythroblast (late normoblast)
final nucleated form; cell that shoves out nucleus
159
what structure is this?
Howell-Jolly body
160
Howell-Jolly bodies
occasional basophilic nuclear remnant visible w/in cytoplasm of erythrocyte; usually removed by spleen
161
what RBC abnormality is this?
elliptocytosis
162
elliptocytosis
autosomal dominant disorder; presence of oval-shaped RBCs
163
what WBC abnormality is this?
leukopenia
164
leukopenia
reduced number of circulating WBCs
165
what WBC abnormality is this?
leukocytosis
166
leukocytosis
elevated WBC count
167
what cells are these?
reticular cells (type of fibroblast)
168
what cell is this?
macrophage
169
what type of collagen is this?
type II collagen (elastic cartilage)
170
what structure is this?
stereocilia
171
what structure is this?
cilia (cross-section)
172
what structure is this?
flagella
173
what structure is this?
gap junction
174
what type of epithelium?
simple squamous epithelium
175
what type of epithelium?
simple cuboidal epithelium
176
what type of epithelium?
simple columnar epithelium
177
what type of epithelium?
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
178
what type of epithelium?
stratified squamous nonkeratinized
179
simple squamous epithelium
flat cells & flat nuclei
180
simple cuboidal epithelium
square cells, round nuclei
181
simple columnar epithelium
rectangular cells, oval nuclei
182
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
no order, entirely random
183
stratified squamous nonkeratinized
flat but lots of cells; top layer still has living cells
184
what type of epithelium?
stratified squamous keratinized
185
stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
full of keratin; top layers of cells dead (no nuclei)
186
what type of epithelium?
stratified cuboidal epithelium
187
stratified cuboidal epithelium
square cells, round nuclei; 2-3 layers; very rare
188
what type of epithelium?
stratified columnar epithelium
189
what cells are these?
astrocytes
190
astrocytes
highly branches; largest neuroglial cell
191
what cells are these?
ependymal cells
192
what structure is this?
white matter of spinal cord
193
what structure is this?
white matter of cerebellum
194
what structure is this?
grey matter of spinal cord
195
what structure is this?
grey matter of cerebellum
196
what cell is this?
Purkinje cell
197
what structure is this?
granule cell layer of cerebellum
198
what cells are these?
oligodendrocytes
199
what cells are these?
microglia
200
microglia
elongate; look like stepped on bug
201
what structure is this?
choroid plexus- lined by ependymal cells
202
what structure is this?
molecular layer of cerebellum
203
what type of cell is this?
myoepithelial cell
204
what muscle fiber type is this?
slow twitch
205
what muscle fiber type is this?
fast twitch
206
what structure is this?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
207
what structure is this?
elastic fiber
208
what structure is this?
collagen fiber
209
what cell is this?
fibroblasts
210
what cell is this?
(white) adipocyte
211
what structure is this?
tight junction
212
what cell is this?
cap cell
213
what structure is this? (sarcomere)
A-band
214
what structure is this? (sarcomere)
I-band
215
what structure is this?
synaptic cleft
216
what structure is this?
synaptic vesicles