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Specialist Of Texas Wine Advanced > Slide Pack 5a > Flashcards

Slide Pack 5a Flashcards

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1
Q

Brix is the system for measuring sugar content in finished wines. T or F

A

True, including ripening grapes and fermenting grape juices

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2
Q

How is alcohol level in wine calculated?

A

By multiplying Brix readings by 0.55. Can be as high as 0.64 for some wines.

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3
Q

What is pH?

A

A measure of concentration of dissociated protons (H+ ions) in solution. More H+ ions, the lower the pH and higher the acidity

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4
Q

What is pH used for in wine

A

To measure the acidity in wine

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5
Q

As acidity in wine goes down, it becomes more stable. T or F

A

False

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6
Q

White wine normal pH range?

A

3.1 to 3.5

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7
Q

Red wine normal pH range?

A

3.5 to 3.8

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8
Q

Titratable Acidity (TA) is?

A

Measure of the sum of dissociated protons (H+ ions) AND un-dissociated acids in solution

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9
Q

Most feel that TA measures?

A

The way your palate perceives acidity

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10
Q

pH is similar but different from TA but easier to measure. T or F

A

True

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11
Q

Soluble sugars increase or decrease with increasing ripeness?

A

Increase

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12
Q

Two major grape acids?

A

1) Tartaric acid
2) Malic acid

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13
Q

Malic acid decreases with ripening? T or F

A

True

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14
Q

Tartaric acid increases with ripening. T or F

A

False, declines but not markedly

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15
Q

Major decision for grape growers and winemakers is when to harvest grapes for what reasons?

A

1) Optimal (phenolic) ripeness
2) Sugar content (Brix)
3) Retention of acidity

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16
Q

In warmer regions like Texas, acid levels can?

A

Fall too much too fast leading to high pH wines

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17
Q

Is Texas a warm or cold weather region for winemaking?

A

Both

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18
Q

Texas High Plains and Beaune France have similar temperatures. T or F

A

True

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19
Q

In cool climates when grapes do not ripen quickly or not completely, what happens?

A

results in:
1) lower natural sugar
2) higher natural acidity
3) lower alcohol

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20
Q

Cool climate wines are commonly described as being?

A

Less fruit dominated and more subtle

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21
Q

Cool climate wines have tart flavors of?

A

1) Raspberry
2) Cranberry
3) Lemon citrus
4) Green apple

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22
Q

Cool climate winemaker challenges?

A

1) Low yields
2) Difficult ripening
3) High acid and low sugar

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23
Q

Cool climate varieties/styles?

A

1) Chardonnay
2) Pinot Noir
3) Riesling
4) Sauvignon Blanc
5) Sparkling wines

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24
Q

Warm climate grape characteristics?

A

1) Ripe flavors and richness
2) Higher natural sugars leading to higher alcohol

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25
Warm climate wines described as being?
1) Fruit forward 2) More intense and muscular
26
Warm climate red wines have?
Dark fruit characteristics of blackberry, black cherry and plum
27
Warm climate white wines have?
Tropical fruit characteristics
28
Warm climate winemaker challenges?
1) Controlling higher yields 2) Balancing wines 3) Protecting grapes 4) Rapid ripening
29
Warm climate varieties?
1) Tempranillo 2) Mourvedre 3) Syrah 4) Grenache 5) Aglianico 6) Viognier 7) Roussanne 8) Marsanne 9) Rose`s
30
Why does high altitude matter?
1) Greater diurnal temperature shifts 2) Lower humidity and precipitation
31
Why are greater diurnal temperature shifts important?
1) Delays ripening of grapes 2) Allows more time to harvest 3) Slows loss of acidity 4) Slows formation of sugars
32
Why is lower humidity and precipitation important?
Yields decreased disease pressure and fewer trees that reduce bird damage
33
High altitude wines are described as having more?
1) Complex and distinctive varietal flavors 2) Fruit 3) Tannin and acid balance 4) Sometimes ageability
34
Flavors of high altitude wines are?
1) Ripe flavors of red or black fruits such as cherry, blackberry, black cherry and plum 2) Tropical fruits such as orange citrus, mango and passion fruit
35
High altitude winemaker challenges?
1) More intense sun 2) Sunburnt grapes 3) Late spring frosts 4) Need to finish ripening
36
High altitude wines in Texas are?
1) Vermentino 2) Trebbiano 3) Roussanne 4) Marsanne 5) Moscato Giallo 6) Albarino 7) Mourvedre' 8) Tempranillo 9) Cabernet Sauvignon
37
Potential problem with warm weather wines?
High pH
38
Harvesting warm weather grapes early is a way to avoid high pH and to have higher acid but risks what?
Lower sugar and lack of phenolic ripeness
39
To retain acidity and protect grapes until received at winery, you must?
1) Harvest grapes at night 2) Add dry ice to harvest bins 3) Load into pre-cooled reefer trucks 4) Transport grapes quickly
40
When grapes are harvested and fermentation starts, what happens to pH?
pH starts to increase
41
Three ways to reduce pH at winery?
1) Add tartaric acid before fermentation 2) Blend with grapes with naturally lower harvest pH 3) Add verjus from green harvest
42
High pH wine problems?
1) Lack of color stability 2) Microbial spoilage 3) Lack of tannic structure 4) Yeast selection
43
How to maintain color stability?
Add sacrificial tannin in bins during harvest or at winery
44
How to reduce microbial spoilage?
Add antimicrobial fining agent ASAP post harvest
45
How to reduce lack of tannic structure?
Add enzyme for increased skin extraction in winery (also Flash Detente)
46
Why does yeast selection matter?
Special yeast in fermentation can reduce increase in pH and can add aromatics and flavor
47
Why would winemakers harvest grapes early other than to control pH?
1) Approaching rain or freeze 2) Advancing disease pressure
48
Potential problems with warm weather wines?
1) Low Brix 2) Low pH
49
Ameliorating juice/must with water and sugar before fermentation does what?
1) Drops TA 2) Stabilizes pH 3) Increases Brix
50
Why do winemakers use secondary Malolactic fermentation?
To decrease TA and increase pH
51
What is Flash Detente?
Rapid heating and vacuum cooling to concentrate must
52
Flash Detente results in what?
1) Higher alcohol 2) Higher anthocyanins (tannin and flavor compounds) from skins
53
Why make blended wines?
To get the best characteristics from each wine due to inconsistent growing conditions year to year (variable vintage conditions)
54
Why did California invent varietal labeling?
Because of its very consistent annual growing conditions and marketability
55
What seasonal conditions lead to variability in wines?
1) Late spring freezes 2) Hail loss 3) Rain and disease loss 4) Heat and ripening 5) Drought
56
What characteristics do different grapes offer to a blend?
1) Ripeness 2) Acidity 3) Quantity 4) Aromatics 5) Flavors
57
Examples of well known blends?
1) GSM from Southern Rhone 2) Marsanne/Roussanne/Viognier - white Rhone Valley and Australia 3) Cab Sauv/Merlot/Cab Franc - Bordeaux red wines 4) Chardonnay/Pinot Noir/Pinot Meunier - Champagne 5) Quinta do Crasto - field blends in Portugal
58
Marsanne is the what in white blend?
The workhorse of Southern Rhone and much of southern France
59
Marsanne is a?
Sturdy hardy grape that produces a full bodied wine
60
Viognier is the what in a white blend?
The exotic one
61
Viognier is an ancient variety dating back to?
AD 281
62
Viognier is famous for?
Producing rich and exotic white wines in the northern Rhone regions of Condrieu
63
Viognier must reach a peak of maturity in order to?
Display its extraordinary aroma and flavor character
64
In warmer regions, Viognier tends to?
Easily over ripen getting heady, oily and over perfumed
65
Viognier can be either?
1) Light and aromatic, or 2) Rich, full bodied and lush
66
Viognier distinctive aromas are?
1) Peaches 2) Apricots 3) Orange blossoms 4) Honeysuckle
67
Roussanne is the what in blends?
Star Performer
68
Roussanne's name comes from?
Its russet-colored skin when ripe
69
Roussanne grapes grow in small tight bunches which can be?
Prone to rot
70
Roussanne's top qualities are?
1) Later budding 2) Good acidity 3) Elegant aromatics 4) Potential to age
71
Roussanne is the premium blending component in high quality white Rhone wines. T or F
True
72
Picpoul Blanc is native to?
Languedoc area in southern France
73
Picpoul means lip stinger, why?
because of its high natural acidity
74
Prior to the Phylloxera invasion, Picpoul was?
Popular and blended with many other white and red grapes
75
Picpoul is still used in wines of Chateauneuf-du-Pape and has?
Peachy aromatics but is startlingly crisp with acidity
76
Other white grapes from the Rhone region that can be found in Texas?
1) Grenache Blanc 2) Vermentino (called Rolle) 3) Clairette Blanche 4) Trebbiano (Ugni Blanche) 5) Muscat Blanc
77
Rhone Valley, unlike Texas, has challenging weather so blends can change from year to year. T or F
False, weather is a lot like Texas
78
For blends, it is common to ferment White Rhone grapes how?
Separately and then blend before aging
79
White Rhone blends can be fermented in?
1) Stainless steel, or 2) Neutral oak, and 3) Then undergo Malolactic fermentation prior to aging
80
White Rhone blends can be what depending on quality and price point of wine?
Blended in new or neutral French oak
81
Many of the best, most expensive and most age worthy White Rhone blends are?
1) Roussanne dominant (60%+) 2) See the most time in new French oak
82
Most of the mid-upper range White Rhone blends are?
Marsanne/Grenache Blanc/Roussanne dominant
83
Other well regarded White Rhone blends include?
1) Viognier 2) Clairette Blanc 3) Picpoul
84
Many Rhone style new world white wines feature?
1) Single varietal wines 2) Alternative blends with Viognier, Chenin Blanc and Chardonnay

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