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Biology Lab Final > Slides 1-15 > Flashcards

Slides 1-15 Flashcards

1
Q

What are two stages of Photosynthesis

A

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

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2
Q

Light Reactions
Use what type of energy?
Location?
Produce what ?

A
  • Use light energy
  • location is Thylakoid membranes
  • Produce ATP, NADPH, O2
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3
Q

Calvin Cycle
Location ?
Uses?

A
  • Occurs in stoma
  • uses ATP, NADPH to incorporate CO2 into carbohydrate
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4
Q

C3 Plants - most plants
Fix ?
Enzyme?

A

-Fix carbon in Calvin cycle- attach CO2 to RuBP
- Enzyme Rubisco
- Most energy efficient method
- Loses water through photorespiration

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5
Q

C4 Plants
- Type of plants ?
- Fix ?
- Enzyme?

A
  • Tropical grasses, like corn, sugarcane
  • Fix carbon in cytoplasm- attach CO2 to PEP
  • 1/2 way between C3 and CAM
  • Loses less water
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6
Q

CAM PLANTS
- Plant type?
- Fix?

A
  • Succulents, pineapple, agave
  • Fix carbon at night only, fix it to organic molecules
  • Best water conservation
  • Loses least water
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7
Q

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Glycolysis
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

A

Location ? Cytoplasm
Input ? Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Output ? 2 Pyruvate
# of ATP produced ? 2
# of NADH produced? 2
# of FADH2 produced? 0

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8
Q

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Oxidation of Pyruvate
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

A

Cellular Respiration: Reaction -
Location ? Cytoplasm
Input ? 2 Pyruvate, 2 Co-EnzymeA, 2 NAD+
Output ? 2 AcetylCoA, 2 CO2
# of ATP produced ? 0
# of NADH produced? 2
# of FADH2 produced? 0

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9
Q

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Citric Acid Cycle
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

A

Location ? mitochondria
Input ? 2 AcetylCoA, 2 Oxaloacetate, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD+
Output ? 4 CO2
# of ATP produced ? 2
# of NADH produced? 6
# of FADH2 produced? 2

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10
Q

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

A

Location ? mitochondria
Input ? 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6O2
Output ? ATP molecules
# of ATP produced ? 32-34
# of NADH produced? 0
# of FADH2 produced?0

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11
Q

Trophic Levels

A

Heterotroph, Autotroph, Phototroph

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12
Q

Heterotroph

A

Must eat food to sustain life

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13
Q

Autotroph

A

Make organic molecules from inorganic sources

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14
Q

Photoautotroph + Plants ?

A

uses light as an energy source
Green plants, algae, Cyanobacteria

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15
Q

Homologous Chromosomes
Characteristics? (3) + Origin ?

A
  • looks the same
  • controls same traits
  • may code different forms of each trait
  • independent origin- each one was inherited from a different parent
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16
Q

Glycolysis “ Sugar Splitting”
Location?
Characteristics ? (2)
Source of Energy ?

A

Occurs in CYTOPLASM
Yields little energy
No Oxygen Required
Source of energy is Prokaryotes and single cells organisms

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17
Q

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
Location?
What does it do?

A

Cytoplasm
Regenerates the cell supply of NAD+

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18
Q

Anaerobic Respiration Input + Output

A

Input is Pyruvate
Output for Lactic Acid fermentation is Lactic Acid
Output for Alcohol fermentation is Ethanol and CO2

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19
Q

2 types of Anaerobic fermentation

A

Lactic Acid fermentation and Alcohol fermentation

20
Q

Types of Cell communications (5)

A

Direct Intracellular Signaling
Contact dependent Signaling
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling

21
Q

Direct intracellular signaling

A

Signals pass through a cell junction from the cytosol of on cell to adjacent cells

22
Q

Contact dependent signaling

A

Membrane Bound signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells

23
Q

Autocrine signaling

A

Cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells

24
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

cells release signals that affect nearby target cells

25
Q

Endocrine Signaling

A

Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells

26
Q

Three stages of cell signaling

A
  • receptor activation
  • signal transduction
  • Cellular response
27
Q

Receptor Activation + 4 types

A

Signaling molecule Called LIGAND binds to the receptor
- enzyme linked receptors
- G-protein coupled receptors
- ligand- gated ion channels
- Intracellular receptors

28
Q

Signal Transduction+ important second messengers (4)

A

Activated receptors stimulates a sequence of changes- a signal transduction pathway through second messengers

  • calcium ion
    cyclic AMP
    Di-acyl glycerol
    Inositol—tri-phosphate
29
Q

Cellular Response (3)

A
  • change enzyme activity
  • change function of structural proteins
  • change gene expression
30
Q

Plant cell walls (3).

A

Protective cell wall (outside plasma membrane)
Primary cell wall
Secondary cell wall

31
Q

Protective cell wall

A

-rigidity for mechanical support
- maintenance of cell shape
- direction of cell growth

32
Q

Primary cell wall

A
  • developed between newly made cells
  • flexible and allows for size increase
  • main macromolecule is cellulose
33
Q

Secondary Cell wall

A
  • after plant cell matures !deposited between plasma membrane and primary cell wall
  • layers of cellulose and other components
  • more variable structure than primary cell wall
34
Q

Anchoring Junctions

A

Cell junctions that hold adjacent cells together or attach cells to the ECM. Are mechanically strong

35
Q

Tight Junctions

A

Junctions between adjacent cells in a layer that prevent the leakage of material between cells

36
Q

Gap Junctions

A

A collection of channels that permit the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between the cytosol of adjacent cells

37
Q

Middle Lamella

A

A polysaccharide layer that cements together the cell walls of adjacent cells

38
Q

Plasmodesmata

A

Passageways between the cell walls of adjacent cells that can be opened or closed. When open, they permit the direct diffusion of ions and molecules between the cytosol of cells

39
Q

Adheren Junctions

A

Cadherins connect cells to each other and to actin filaments

40
Q

Desmosomes

A

Cadherins connect cells to each other and to intermediate filaments

41
Q

Hemidesmosomes

A

Integrins connect the ECM to intermediate filaments

42
Q

Focal Adhesions

A

Integrins connect the ECM to actin filaments

43
Q

Structure of DNA (4)

A

Double stranded
Backbone is made up of sugar and phosphate
The two strands are anti parallel to each other
DNA twists into double helix

44
Q

The two complementary strands of nucleotides are joined by which hydrogen bonds

A

Adenine with Thymine (join with two hydrogen bonds)
Cytosine and Guanine (join with three hydrogen bonds)

45
Q

5 Steps in DNA REPLICATION

A

1) Helicases unwind the parental double helix
2) Single strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA
3) The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase
4) The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment
5) After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, DNA ligaments joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand

46
Q

RNA
sugar?
Base?
Strands?
Long or short ?

A

sugar? Ribose
Base? uracil
Strands? single
Long or short ? short

47
Q

DNA
sugar?
Base?
Strands?
Long or short ?

A

sugar? Deoxyribose
Base? Thymine
Strands? Double
Long or short ? Long, contains many genes

Biology Lab Final (1 decks)

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