Slides 1-15

Question 1

What are two stages of Photosynthesis

Answer 1

Light Reactions and Calvin Cycle

Question 2

Light Reactions
Use what type of energy?
Location?
Produce what ?

Answer 2

• Use light energy
• location is Thylakoid membranes
• Produce ATP, NADPH, O2

Question 3

Calvin Cycle
Location ?
Uses?

Answer 3

• Occurs in stoma
• uses ATP, NADPH to incorporate CO2 into carbohydrate

Question 4

C3 Plants - most plants
Fix ?
Enzyme?

Answer 4

-Fix carbon in Calvin cycle- attach CO2 to RuBP
- Enzyme Rubisco
- Most energy efficient method
- Loses water through photorespiration

Question 5

C4 Plants
- Type of plants ?
- Fix ?
- Enzyme?

Answer 5

• Tropical grasses, like corn, sugarcane
• Fix carbon in cytoplasm- attach CO2 to PEP
• 1/2 way between C3 and CAM
• Loses less water

Question 6

CAM PLANTS
- Plant type?
- Fix?

Answer 6

• Succulents, pineapple, agave
• Fix carbon at night only, fix it to organic molecules
• Best water conservation
• Loses least water

Question 7

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Glycolysis
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

Answer 7

Location ? Cytoplasm
Input ? Glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NAD+
Output ? 2 Pyruvate
# of ATP produced ? 2
# of NADH produced? 2
# of FADH2 produced? 0

Question 8

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Oxidation of Pyruvate
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

Answer 8

Cellular Respiration: Reaction -
Location ? Cytoplasm
Input ? 2 Pyruvate, 2 Co-EnzymeA, 2 NAD+
Output ? 2 AcetylCoA, 2 CO2
# of ATP produced ? 0
# of NADH produced? 2
# of FADH2 produced? 0

Question 9

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Citric Acid Cycle
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

Answer 9

Location ? mitochondria
Input ? 2 AcetylCoA, 2 Oxaloacetate, 6 NAD+, 2 FAD+
Output ? 4 CO2
# of ATP produced ? 2
# of NADH produced? 6
# of FADH2 produced? 2

Question 10

Cellular Respiration: Reaction - Oxidative Phosphorylation (ETC)
Location ?
Input ?
Output ?
# of ATP produced ?
# of NADH produced?
# of FADH2 produced?

Answer 10

Location ? mitochondria
Input ? 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6O2
Output ? ATP molecules
# of ATP produced ? 32-34
# of NADH produced? 0
# of FADH2 produced?0

Question 11

Trophic Levels

Answer 11

Heterotroph, Autotroph, Phototroph

Question 12

Heterotroph

Answer 12

Must eat food to sustain life

Question 13

Autotroph

Answer 13

Make organic molecules from inorganic sources

Question 14

Photoautotroph + Plants ?

Answer 14

uses light as an energy source
Green plants, algae, Cyanobacteria

Question 15

Homologous Chromosomes
Characteristics? (3) + Origin ?

Answer 15

• looks the same
• controls same traits
• may code different forms of each trait
• independent origin- each one was inherited from a different parent

Question 16

Glycolysis “ Sugar Splitting”
Location?
Characteristics ? (2)
Source of Energy ?

Answer 16

Occurs in CYTOPLASM
Yields little energy
No Oxygen Required
Source of energy is Prokaryotes and single cells organisms

Question 17

Anaerobic Respiration (fermentation)
Location?
What does it do?

Answer 17

Cytoplasm
Regenerates the cell supply of NAD+

Question 18

Anaerobic Respiration Input + Output

Answer 18

Input is Pyruvate
Output for Lactic Acid fermentation is Lactic Acid
Output for Alcohol fermentation is Ethanol and CO2

Question 19

2 types of Anaerobic fermentation

Answer 19

Lactic Acid fermentation and Alcohol fermentation

Question 20

Types of Cell communications (5)

Answer 20

Direct Intracellular Signaling
Contact dependent Signaling
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling

Question 21

Direct intracellular signaling

Answer 21

Signals pass through a cell junction from the cytosol of on cell to adjacent cells

Question 22

Contact dependent signaling

Answer 22

Membrane Bound signals bind to receptors on adjacent cells

Question 23

Autocrine signaling

Answer 23

Cells release signals that affect themselves and nearby target cells

Question 24

Paracrine Signaling

Answer 24

cells release signals that affect nearby target cells

Question 25

Endocrine Signaling

Answer 25

Cells release signals that travel long distances to affect target cells

Question 26

Three stages of cell signaling

Answer 26

- receptor activation - signal transduction - Cellular response

Question 27

Receptor Activation + 4 types

Answer 27

Signaling molecule Called LIGAND binds to the receptor - enzyme linked receptors - G-protein coupled receptors - ligand- gated ion channels - Intracellular receptors

Question 28

Signal Transduction+ important second messengers (4)

Answer 28

Activated receptors stimulates a sequence of changes- a signal transduction pathway through second messengers - calcium ion cyclic AMP Di-acyl glycerol Inositol—tri-phosphate

Question 29

Cellular Response (3)

Answer 29

- change enzyme activity - change function of structural proteins - change gene expression

Question 30

Plant cell walls (3).

Answer 30

Protective cell wall (outside plasma membrane) Primary cell wall Secondary cell wall

Question 31

Protective cell wall

Answer 31

-rigidity for mechanical support - maintenance of cell shape - direction of cell growth

Question 32

Primary cell wall

Answer 32

- developed between newly made cells - flexible and allows for size increase - main macromolecule is cellulose

Question 33

Secondary Cell wall

Answer 33

- after plant cell matures !deposited between plasma membrane and primary cell wall - layers of cellulose and other components - more variable structure than primary cell wall

Question 34

Anchoring Junctions

Answer 34

Cell junctions that hold adjacent cells together or attach cells to the ECM. Are mechanically strong

Question 35

Tight Junctions

Answer 35

Junctions between adjacent cells in a layer that prevent the leakage of material between cells

Question 36

Gap Junctions

Answer 36

A collection of channels that permit the direct exchange of ions and small molecules between the cytosol of adjacent cells

Question 37

Middle Lamella

Answer 37

A polysaccharide layer that cements together the cell walls of adjacent cells

Question 38

Plasmodesmata

Answer 38

Passageways between the cell walls of adjacent cells that can be opened or closed. When open, they permit the direct diffusion of ions and molecules between the cytosol of cells

Question 39

Adheren Junctions

Answer 39

Cadherins connect cells to each other and to actin filaments

Question 40

Desmosomes

Answer 40

Cadherins connect cells to each other and to intermediate filaments

Question 41

Hemidesmosomes

Answer 41

Integrins connect the ECM to intermediate filaments

Question 42

Focal Adhesions

Answer 42

Integrins connect the ECM to actin filaments

Question 43

Structure of DNA (4)

Answer 43

Double stranded Backbone is made up of sugar and phosphate The two strands are anti parallel to each other DNA twists into double helix

Question 44

The two complementary strands of nucleotides are joined by which hydrogen bonds

Answer 44

Adenine with Thymine (join with two hydrogen bonds) Cytosine and Guanine (join with three hydrogen bonds)

Question 45

5 Steps in DNA REPLICATION

Answer 45

1) Helicases unwind the parental double helix 2) Single strand binding proteins stabilize the unwound parental DNA 3) The leading strand is synthesized continuously in the 5’ - 3’ direction by DNA polymerase 4) The lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously. Primase synthesizes a short RNA primer, which is extended by DNA polymerase to form an Okazaki fragment 5) After the RNA primer is replaced by DNA, DNA ligaments joins the Okazaki fragment to the growing strand

Question 46

RNA sugar? Base? Strands? Long or short ?

Answer 46

sugar? Ribose Base? uracil Strands? single Long or short ? short

Question 47

DNA sugar? Base? Strands? Long or short ?

Answer 47

sugar? Deoxyribose Base? Thymine Strands? Double Long or short ? Long, contains many genes