Slides Flashcards
(71 cards)
1
Q
What is a Phone?
A
a phone is the basic of phonetics a sound
2
Q
What is Phonology?
A
the generalization of phonetic knowledge from the linguistic point of view it is a linguistic discipline studying the sound level of language phonetics vs. phonology = speech vs. language concrete vs. abstract
3
Q
What is a phoneme?
A
the basic unit of phonology: the abstract, system-functional unit of the sound level of language, it has form but no meaning, only meaning-distinctive function
4
Q
What is transcription ?
A
1/ an alphabetic system (notation) 2/ an analphabetic system (notation) The end of the 19th century – the transcription of IPA 1. phonetic transcription [] 2. phonological (phonemic) / /
5
Q
What is Phonetics ?
A
complex study of speech sounds that are studies from three different points of view: 1.point of view of the speaker – articulatory phonetics 2.point of view of the transmission of the sound – acoustic phonetics 3.point of view of the hearer – auditory phonetics
6
Q
What is The alphabetic system (notation)
A
contains symbols taken from Latin or Greek alphabet, and one simple symbol is used for one sound, segment; e. g. [i:] as in word bee
7
Q
What is The an analphabetic system (notation)
A
one sound segment is recorded by symbols made up from more signs; e. g. 7kδ0ε1
8
Q
What is phonetic transcription
A
a symbol represents a sound (phone), written in [];
9
Q
What is phonological phonemic transcription
A
a symbol represents a phoneme, written in / /.
10
Q
ɪ
A
Kn[ɪ]t
Knit
11
Q
e
A
N[e]t
Net
12
Q
æ
A
N[æ]g
Nag
13
Q
ʌ
A
N[ʌ]T
Nut
14
Q
ʊ
A
N[ʊ]k
Nook
15
Q
ɒ
A
n[ɒ]t
not
16
Q
ɘ
A
Nad[ɘ]
Nada
17
Q
i:
A
N[i:]t
Neat
18
Q
3:
A
N[3:]se
Nurse
19
Q
ɑ:
A
N[ɑ]cissist
Narcissist
20
Q
ɔ:
A
N[ɔ:]ghty
Naughty
21
Q
u:
A
N[u:]n
Noon
22
Q
Standard English:
North American English
A
Eastern
Southern
Midwest
Standard Accent: General American
23
Q
Standard English:
British English
A
SOUTHERN
NORTHERN
SCOTTISH
IRISH
WELSH
AUSTRALIAN
Standard Accent: Received Pronunciation
24
Q
Standard English
A
a language
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recieved pronunciation
a standard pronunciation
the most intelligible spoken form of standard English
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What is
Physiological phonetics?
**Articulatory (genetic) phonetics**
speech production
**Auditory (perceptual) phonetics**
the process of the reception and the perception of speech sounds
27
Production of Speech
involves:
## Footnote
1. Respiration
2. Phonation
3. Articulation
28
Upper respiratory tract(conducting passage)
includes?
The nasal cavity
The pharynx
The Larynx
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The lower Repiratory tract includes (conducting passage)
The trachea
The primar bronchi
The lungs
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The Oral Cavity
Organs or speech/Articulatroy organs
1. lips (labia)
2. teeth (dentes)
3. upper jaw (maxilla)
4. lower jaw (mandible)
5. alveoli
6. hard palate (palatum)
7. soft palate (velum) with
8. uvula
9. tongue (lingua) tip (apex)
back (dorsum)
root (radix)
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**eɪ**
W[eɪ]t
Wait
32
**aɪ**
w[aɪ]
Why
33
**ɔɪ**
B[ɔɪ]y
Boy
34
**əʊ**
W[əʊ]
Woah
Woe
Woh
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aʊ
W[aʊ]
Wow
36
**eə**
W[eə]r
Wear
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**ʊə**
T[ʊə]r
Tour
38
Sound wave properties
amplitude (loudness)
measured in decibels (dB)
2. frequency (pitch)
measured Hertz (Hz)
3. simplicity or complexity (quality)
4. wavelength (quantity)
measured in msec
39
ɪə
W[ɪə]d
weird
40
Classification of Sounds
Types of interference:
**1.the opener position** – two organs approximate but they are not connected Sounds made by the opener position are called the vowel sounds.
**2. closure:** it is a complete stop of the air passage. **3. narrowing** – two speech organs are brought very close together,
When there is either a closure or a narrowing sounds which come into existence are called consonantal sounds
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From the articulatory point of view:
Vowels – free cavities
Consonants – a kind of obstacle
(a closure or a narrowing)
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The phonetic point of view
vowels – tones of free cavities
consonants – noises at the place of obstacle
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The phonological point of view
vowel – a sound forming the peak of the syllable (the syllabic nucleus),
consonant – a sound having non-syllabic (marginal) function.
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Vowels
## Footnote
Classification based on:
a/ the position of tongue during articulation,
b/ the character of lip opening,
c/ the position of soft palate.
45
**eɪə**
la[eɪə]
Layer
46
**aɪə**
F[aɪə]
Fire
47
**ɔɪə**
R[ɔɪə]l
Royal
48
**əʊə**
L[əʊə]r
Lower
49
**aʊə**
P[aʊə]r
Power
50
Cardinal Vowels Scheme
51
Diphthongs – phonetic characteristics:
glide movement of the tongue from the postion of one vowel to another without interruption
**falling,** i. e. the first element is longer and stronger (it is prominent as to length and stress)
**long:** diphthongs are equivalent to the long monophthongs
**monosyllabic**: together one centre of a syllable
52
diphthong vs. hiatus
**hiatus** – a connection of two vocalic elements (monophthongs) on the borderline of two syllables e.g. hæpɪə = hæ -pɪ -ə
**Diphthong** – two vocalic elements within a single syllablee.g. fɪəs – one syllable
53
**Triphthongs**
**eɪə,****aɪə,ɔɪə,əʊə,****aʊə**
eɪə layer leɪə
aɪə lier laɪə
ɔɪə loyal lɔɪəl
əʊə lower ləʊə
aʊə power paʊə
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Consonants
From phonetic – articulatory and acoustic point of view
A/ place of articulation
B/ manner of articulation – type of obstacle in the air stream
C/ acoustic impression
D/ position of soft palate
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A. Consonants: place of articulation:
**bilabial:** p, b, m, w
**labio-dental**: f, v
**dental:** ð, θ
**alveolar:** t, d, n, l, s, z,
**post-alveola**r (palato-alveolar): ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ, r
**palatal**: j
**velar:** k, g, ŋ
**glottal**: h
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B.Consonants: manner of articulation:
the type of obstacle
B/ manner of articulation: the type of obstacle
**1. complete closure**
occlusives(stops)oral:p, t, k, b, d, g nasal stops: m, n, ŋ
**2. narrowing**
constrictives (spirants): f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h
**3. combination of closure with narrowing**
semi-occlusives: ʧ, ʤ
**4. partial closure**
approximants: r, w, j lateral: l
57
C/ acoustic impression:
**plosives** – oral: p, t, k, b, d, g nasal: m, n, ŋ
(characterised by plosion )
**fricatives:** f, v, ð, θ, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h
(characterised by friction) sibilants – hissing (s, z) and hushing (ʃ, ʒ)
**affricates:** ʧ, ʤ(characterised by affrication )
**frictionless continuants:** r, w, j
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D/ position of soft palate:
**nasal:** m, n, ŋ
**oral:** the rest
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English Oral Plosives
place of articulation:
p b bilabial
t d alveolar
k g velar
**b,d,g** voiced – lenis(“weak”)
**p,t,k** voiceless – fortis (“strong”)
60
Aspiration
p, t, k – aspirated in the initial position
under stress
pin [phɪn] /pɪn/
tin [thɪn] /tɪn/
kin [khɪn] /kɪn/
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The Fricatives of English
f v labiodental
ɵ ð dental
s z alveolar
ʃ ʒ palato-alveolar
h glottal
first column voiceless (lenis)
second column voiced (fortis)
62
The affricates
ʧ ʤ palato-alveolar
- combination of a closure and narrowing
- phonetically and phonologically consonants
- voiced (lenis) vs. voiceless (fortis)
63
Nasals
m bilabial
n alveolar
ŋ velar
- the air escapes through the nose; the soft palate is lowered
- stops, plosives; always voiced
Distribution of /ŋ/:
the spelling group –nk- k is always pronounced - /ŋk/;
the spelling group –ng- /ŋ/ and sometimes /ŋg/
64
Approximants
/r/, /w/, /j/ - always voiced
phoneme /r/ – post-alveolar frictionless continuant
Allophones:
* an alveolar tap (flap) – intervocalic position, e. g. very
* a lingual roll – Scottish English
* a uvular r – Northern English
* a retroflex r – American English
/r/, /w/, /j/ - always voiced
phoneme /r/ – post-alveolar frictionless continuant
Allophones:
* an alveolar tap (flap) – intervocalic position, e. g. very
* a lingual roll – Scottish English
* a uvular r – Northern English
* a retroflex r – American English
65
what are distinctive features?
•a set of phonetic properties by which speech sounds are described
66
what is commutation ?
a technique for the delimitation of phonemes, minimal pairs;
67
what are minimal pairs?
•minimally different pairs of words, differ by one element only:
pɪn – tɪn
tɪn – ten
68
what is contrastive distribution (parallel distribution)?
•sounds (variations) not occurring in the same environment, not distinctive, they represent different manifestations of one and the same phoneme
combinatory variants = bound allophones
[pʰ] – beginning of stressed syllable
/p/
[p] – all other positions
combinatory variants = bound allophones
[pʰ] – beginning of stressed syllable
/p/
[p] – all other positions
69
Definitions:
phoneme
allophones
phonological oppositions
phoneme – minimal contrastive sound unit of language
allophones of the same phoneme – phonetically similar sounds which do not contrast with each other
a) do not occur in the same environment
b) phonetically similar; small difference between them
phonological oppositions – mutual relations between phonemes, established according to their similarities and differences
70
1.N. Trubetzkoy:
1)privative opposition – the difference between the phonemes is based on the presence vs. absence of a particular distinctive feature (t – d, s – z, v – f);
●
2)gradual opposition – the members differ by a different degree of a feature (closed – half closed – half open – open vowels);
●
3)equipollent opposition – the members of the pair differ in several features (p – f, contrast).
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2.NTrubetzkoy:
In regard to the whole system he distinguishes:
1) unidimensional opposition – the base common for both phonemes in opposition does not occur in other pairs of phonemes (t – d the only English alveolar oral plosives);
2) multidimensional opposition – the common base occurs in more than two phonemes (p – t – k voiceless oral plosives);
3) proportional opposition – the relation between two phonemes occurs in several phonemes (p – b, t – d, k – g);
4) isolated opposition – the given relation between two phonemes does not occur elsewhere (r – l).
