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3rd Year > SLK 310 Exam (adult) > Flashcards

SLK 310 Exam (adult) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is schizophrenia

A

a type of psychosis characterised by disturbed thought, emotion and behaviour

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2
Q

what are the 5 positive symptoms of schizophrenia
DDCHN

A

Delusions
Disorganisation
Catatonia
Hallucinations
Neuroscience and hallucinations

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3
Q

what are delusions

A

fixated false beliefs

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4
Q

what are the 2 feelings associated with delusions

A

Persecution and grandeur

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5
Q

what are the 4 types of delusions
DDFC

A

Delusions of reference
Delusional misidentification
Fregoli’s syndrome
Cotard’s syndrome

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6
Q

what is delusional misidentification

A

the person believes someone they know has been replaced by a double

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7
Q

what is fregoli’s syndrome

A

the belief that familiar people have changed appearance

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8
Q

what is Cotard’s syndrome

A

The delusion in which the person believes he is dead

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9
Q

what are the 3 types of hallucination

A

Formed
Unformed
Tactile

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10
Q

what are formed hallucinations

A

discernable sounds or visions

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11
Q

what are unformed hallucinations

A

buzzing noises, flashes and blobs

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12
Q

what are tactile hallucinations

A

sensations of insects crawling on/under the skin (called formication)

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13
Q

what are hallucinatory feelings in the body called

A

Coenaesthetic hallucinations

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14
Q

what are auditory hallucinations

A

Involve the voices of more than one person discussing the patient in a derogatory way (characteristic of schizophrenia)

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15
Q

what are the 6 negative symptoms of schizophrenia
AAAAAA

A

Avolition/Apathy
Alogia
Affective flattening
Asociality
Anhedonia
Attentional deficits

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16
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for Schizophrenia (6)
2CCSNI

A

2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time over 1 month (at least 1 must be 1,2 or 3)…

Causes clinically…

Continuous for at least 6 months

Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder (with psychotic features) have been ruled out

Not attributable…

If there’s a history of autism/communication disorder, a schizophrenia diagnosis is only made if there are prominent delusions/hallucinations

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17
Q

what are the 5 factors of schizophrenia, of which 2 must be present for a significant portion of time over a month-long period (at least 1,2, or 3 must be present)
DDHNG

A

Delusions
Disorganised speech
Hallucinations
Negative symptoms
Grossly disorganised or catatonic behaviour

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18
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for catatonia associated with another mental disorder (13)
C (ssmmeecwpang)

A

Clinical picture is dominated by 3/more…

Stupor
Stereotypy
Mutism
Mannerism
Echolalia
Echopraxia
Cataplexy
Waxy flexibility
Posturing
Agitation (not influenced by external stimuli)
Negativism
Grimacing

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19
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for schizophreniform disorder (4)
2ASN

A

2 or more of the following for a significant portion of time over 1 month (at least 1 must be 1,2 or 3)…

An episode must last at least 1 month but less than 6 months (diagnosis before recovery=provisional diagnosis)

Schizoaffective disorder and depressive/bipolar disorder (with psychotic features) have been ruled out

Not attributable…

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20
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for schizoaffective disorder (4)
PDMN

A

Period of illness where a major mood episode is concurrent with criterion A of schizophrenia

Delusions/hallucinations for over 2 weeks in the absence of the major mood episode

Meets criteria for a major mood episode and those symptoms are present majority of the time

Not attributable…

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21
Q

what are the 7 delusional subtypes
JPEGSUM

A

Jealous
Persecutory
Erotomanic
Grandiose
Somatic
Unspecified type
Mixed type

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22
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for delusional disorder (5)
PCFIN

A

Presence of 1/more delusions with a duration of more than a month

Criterion A for schizophrenia has never been met

Functioning is not markedly impaired and behaviour is not obviously odd

If manic/major depressive episodes have occurred, they have been brief compared to period of delusions

Not attributable…

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23
Q

what is the diagnostic criteria for brief psychotic disorder (3)
1DN

A

1 or more (at least 1 is 1,2, or 3)…

Duration at least 1 day but less than 1 month

Not better…

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24
Q

what are the 4 factors of brief psychotic disorder, of which 1 must be present for diagnosis (must be 1,2 or 3)
DDHG

A

Delusions
Disorganised speech
Hallucinations
Grossly disorganised/catatonic behaviour

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25
what are the 2 psychological and social influences for schizophrenia
Stress Families and relapse
26
what are the 4 psychosocial interventions for schizophrenia BASE
Behavioural family therapy Assertive community treatment models (ACTs) Social skills Elaborate token economy
27
what is the diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (6) EDACNN
Excessive worry/anxiety occurring more days than not for 6 months Difficult to control the worry Associated with at least 3 of the following symptoms... Causes... Not attributable... Not better...
28
what are the 6 symptoms of generalised anxiety disorder, of which 3 must be present for diagnosis REDIMS
Restlessness/feeling on edge Easily fatigued Difficulty concentrating/blank mind Irritability Muscle tension Sleep disturbance
29
what is the diagnostic criteria for Panic disorder (4) RANN
Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks are present At least one of the attacks has been followed by... Not attributable... Not better...
30
what 2 things may follow a panic attack in order to diagnose it (at least 1)
Persistent concern/worry about additional panic attacks and their consequences Significant maladaptive change in behaviour related to the attacks
31
what is agoraphobia
the fear of experiencing a panic attack
32
what is interoceptive avoidance
Removing oneself from situations or activities that produce feelings of the beginning of a panic attack
33
what are the 4 types of specific phobias BANS
Blood-injection-injury Animal Natural environment Situational
34
what is the diagnostic criteria for specific phobia (7) FAAOPCN
Fear/anxiety about a specific object or situation Almost always provokes immediate fear/anxiety Actively avoided/endured with intense fear/anxiety Out of proportion to the actual danger posed Persistent for 6+ months Causes... Not better...
35
what is the diagnostic criteria for social anxiety disorder (10) FIASOPCNNI
Fear/anxiety about 1/more social situations where the person is exposed to possible scrutiny by others Individual fears that they will act in a way that will be negatively evaluated Almost always provokes fear/anxiety Social situations are avoided or endured with intense fear/anxiety Out of proportion to the actual threat posed Persistent for 6+months Causes clinically... Not attributable... Not better... If another medical condition is present, the fear is clearly unrelated or excessive
36
what is acute stress disorder
a diagnosis to account for symptoms in the immediate aftermath of severe trauma
37
What are the 4 types of obsessions/compulsions related to OCD SFCH
Symmetry/exactness Forbidden thoughts/actions Cleaning/contamination Hoarding
38
what is the diagnostic criteria for OCD (4) PONN
Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both as manifested by... Obsessions/compulsions are time consuming or cause... Not attributable... Not better...
39
what are the 4 manifestations for the presence of obsessions, compulsions or both for OCD RARB
Recurrent and persistent thoughts/urges that cause anxiety/distress Attempts to ignore these thoughts/urges Repetitive behaviours/mental acts that the person feels obligated to perform Behaviours/mental acts aimed at preventing/reducing distress or preventing dreaded situation
40
what is the diagnostic criteria for Body Dysmorphic disorder (4) PACN
Preoccupation with 1 or more deficits/flaws in physical appearance that are not observable/appear slight to others At some point the individual has performed repetitive behavious/mental acts in response to appearance concerns Causes... Not better...
41
what are the big 5 personality traits OCEAN
Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism
42
what are the defining characteristics of cluster A personality disorders
Odd or eccentric behaviour
43
what are the defining characteristics of cluster B personality disorders
Dramatic, emotional or erratic behaviour
44
what are the defining characteristics of cluster C personality disorders
anxious or fearful behaviour
45
what are the 3 personality disorders in cluster A
Paranoid Schizoid Schizotypal
46
what are the 4 personality disorders in cluster B
Antisocial Borderline Histrionic Narcissistic
47
what are the 3 personality disorders in cluster C
Avoidant Dependent Obsessive-compulsive
48
describe people with paranoid personality disorder
Distrustful and suspicious of others without justification
49
what is the diagnostic criteria for Paranoid PD (2) DN
Distrust and suspiciousness of others, their motives are interpreted as malicious... (4) SUSPECT Not better or attributable...
50
describe people with schizoid personality disorder
detached from social relationships and limited range of emotions (aloof and cold)
51
what is the diagnostic criteria for schizoid PD (2) DN
Detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotions... (4) DISTANT Not better or attributable...
52
describe people with schizotypal personality disorder
socially isolated, suspicious and eccentric
53
what is the diagnostic criteria for schizotypal PD (2) PN
Pattern of socially isolated, suspicious and eccentric behaviour... (5) PECULIARS Not better or attributable...
54
which personality disorder does SUSPECT relate to
Paranoid PD
55
which personality disorder does DISTANT relate to
Schizoid PD
56
which personality disorder does PECULIARS relate to
Schizotypal
57
describe people with antisocial Personality disorder
disregard for and violation of the rights of others since age 15
58
what is the diagnostic criteria for antisocial PD (4) PACN
Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others since 15 years old... (3) At least 18 years old Conduct disorder onset before 15 years old Not exclusively during the course of schizophrenia/bipolar
59
describe people with borderline personality disorder
unstable moods and relationships and a poor self-image
60
what is the triple vulnerability/diathesis model of anxiety that also applies to borderline personality disorder
A generalized biological vulnerability A generalized psychological vulnerability A specific psychological vulnerability
61
what are the 2 treatments for Borderline PD
Antidepressants and DBT
62
what does DBT stand for
Dialectical behaviour therapy
63
describe people with histrionic PD
overdramatic and often seem like they're acting
64
Describe people with Narcissistic PD
Grandiose, need for admiration and lack of empathy
65
which personality disorder does CORRUPT relate to
Antisocial PD
66
which personality disorder does SUICIDALE relate to
Borderline PD
67
which personality disorder does PRAISE ME relate to
Histrionic PD
68
which personality disorder does SPECIALER relate to
Narcissistic
69
Describe people with Avoidant PD
Hypersensitive, social inhibitions and feelings of inadequacy
70
describe someone with Dependent PD
needs to be taken care of, submissive, clingy and separation anxiety
71
Describe people with Obsessive-compulsive PD
Preoccupied with orderliness, perfectionism and mental and interpersonal control
72
which personality disorder does CRINGES relate to
Avoidant PD
73
which personality disorder does RELIANCE relate to
Dependant PD
74
which personality disorder does LAW FIRMS relate to
Obsessive-compulsive PD
75
what are the 3 types of 'episodes' related to mood disorders
Major depressive episodes Manic episodes Hypomanic episodes
76
what is anhedonia
a general loss of interest in things and an inability to experience any pleasure from life
77
what is major depressive disorder
a mood disorder involving one or more depressive episodes separated by periods of remission (at least 2 months)
78
what is the diagnostic criteria for Major depressive disorder (3) 1NN
1 major depressive episode at least Not better... Never been a manic/hypomanic episode
79
what is dysthymia
Persistent depressive disorder
80
define persistent depressive disorder
depressed mood that continues for at least 2 years, during which the patient cannot be free of symptoms for more than 2 months at a time
81
what are the 3 types of persistent depressive disorder
Mild depressive symptoms without any major depressive episodes (pure dysthymic syndrome) Mild depressive symptoms with additional major depressive episodes occurring intermittently Major depressive episode lasting 2 or more years
82
what is the diagnostic criteria for persistent depressive disorder (8) D2NCNNNC
Depressed mood for 2 years 2 of the following... Never been without the symptoms for more than 2 months Criteria for major depressive disorder is continuously present for 2 years Never been a manic/hypomanic episode and criteria has never been met for cyclothymic disorder Not better... Not attributable... Causes...
83
what are the 6 diagnostic features of persistent depressive disorder PILLPF
Poor appetite/overeating Insomnia/hypersomnia Low energy/fatigue Low self-esteem Poor concentration/difficulty making decisions Feelings of hopelessness
84
what is the defining feature of bipolar disorders
occurrence of mania/hypomania, with a tendency to recur and alternate/ cycle with depressive episodes
85
what is Bipolar 1 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and full manic episodes
86
what is Bipolar 2 disorder
alternations between major depressive episodes and hypomanic episodes
87
what is cyclothymic disorder
a milder form of bipolar where there are alternations between less severe depressive and hypomanic periods
88
what is the diagnostic criteria for Anorexia Nervosa (3) RFD
Restriction of energy intake leading to a significantly low body weight Fear of gaining weight/behaviour that interferes with weight gain Disturbances in the way in which one's body is experienced
89
what are the 2 subtypes of anorexia
Restricting type Binge eating/purging type
90
what is the diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa (5) RIBSD
Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterised by both... Inappropriate compensatory behaviour to prevent weight gain Both A and B occur at least once a week for 3 months Self-evaluation is heavily influenced by body shape and weight Does not occur exclusively during an episode of anorexia
91
what are the 2 characteristics regarding recurrent episodes of binge-eating
Eating a large amount of food discretely Sense of lack of control over eating during the episode
92
what is the diagnostic criteria for binge-eating disorder (5) REDON
Recurrent episodes of binge eating as characterised by both... Episodes are associated with... (3) Distress regarding binge eating behaviours Occurs at least once a week for 3 months Not associated with the recurrent use of inappropriate compensatory behaviour
92
what are the 5 features of binge-eating episodes of which 3 must be present to diagnose binge-eating disorder FEEEE
Feeling disgusted with oneself, depressed or guilt afterwards Eating more rapidly than normal Eating until uncomfortably full Eating large amounts when not hungry Eating alone because of embarrassment of how much one is eating
93
what are the 2 main treatments for eating disorders
Psychological and pharmacological
94
what are the 3 additional eating-disorders
Pica Rumination disorder ARFID (avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder)
95
what is transient insomnia
distrubed sleep for a limited time due to illness, injury or stress
96
what are dyssomnias
problems in getting to sleep or in obtaining sufficient quality sleep
97
What is the difference between primary and secondary insomnia
primary insomnia is not related to any medical or psychological problems secondary insomnia is caused by an identifiable medical or psychological condition
98
what is the diagnostic criteria for Insomnia (8) CC33ONNC
Complaint of dissatisfactory sleep... (1) Causes... 3 nights a week 3 months Occurs despite adequate opportunities for sleep Not better... Not attributable... Coexisting mental and medical conditions don't adequately explain the insomnia
99
what are the 3 complaints associated with dissatisfactory sleep DDE
Difficulty initiating sleep Difficulty maintaining sleep Early-morning awakening with inability tofall back to sleep
100
what is hypersomnolence
excessive sleep that disrupts normal routines
101
what is sleep apnoea
brief periods during sleep where breathing ceases
102
what is narcolepsy
a sleep disorder involving sudden and irresistible sleep attacks
103
what is cataplexy
a disorder that typically accompanies narcolepsy where there is a sudden loss of muscle tone
104
what is the diagnostic criteria for Hypersomnolence (6) E3CNNC
Excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep...(1) 3 times a week for 3 months Causes... Not attributable... Not better... Coexisting metal/medical disorders do not adequately explain the hypersomnolence
105
what are the 3 features associated with excessive sleepiness despite adequate sleep RPD
Recurrent periods of sleep/lapses into sleep within the same day Prolonged main sleep episode of over 9 hours a day that is non-restorative Difficulty being fully awake after an abrupt awakening
106
what is the diagnostic criteria for obstructive sleep apnoea/hypopnoea (4) E(1&2) or E
Evidence by polysomnograph of at least 5 apnoeas/hypopnoeas per hour of sleep with either of the following... 1- nocturnal breathing disturbances 2- Daytime fatigue/unrefreshing sleep despite sufficient opportunity Evidence by polysomnography of 15+ obstructive apnoeas/hypopneas per hour regardless of accompanying symptoms
107
what is central sleep apnoea
brief periods of cessation in respiratory activity during sleep that may be associated with central nervous system disorders (at least 5 per hour)
108
what is sleep-related hypOventilation
a decrease in airflow without a complete pause in breathing during sleep
109
what is the diagnostic criteria for circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders (3) PLC
Persistent/recurrent pattern of sleep disruption due to an alteration of the circadian system/misalignment between circadian rhythms and the sleep-wake cycle Leads to excessive sleepiness/insomnia/both Causes...
110
what are the 5 psychological treatments for insomnia CGGPP
Cognitive Guided imagery relaxation Graduated extinction Paradoxical intention Progressive relaxation

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